The 20th century is a century of rapid development of science and technology. In this century, the scientific and technological achievements and material wealth created by mankind have surpassed any previous era. They are decisive factors to promote the sustainable development of economy and society, and have changed and will continue to change the face of the world. Some of them are great achievements recognized by the scientific and technological circles and will shine brilliantly in human history forever.
Two great achievements of scientific revolution in the early 20th century.
Science in the 20th century was developed on the basis of major theoretical achievements in19th century, such as thermodynamics and electromagnetism, chemical atomism, biological evolution, cell theory and so on. /kloc-Three discoveries (X-ray, radioactivity and electron) in the 0/9th century triggered the physics revolution in the first 30 years of the 20th century, and gave birth to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, which became the forerunner and foundation of scientific development in the 20th century.
Q:
What's new in China?
Answer:
China has made a number of major original innovations in basic research. The ability of basic research and cutting-edge technology innovation has been significantly enhanced, and the total number of international papers has risen to the fourth place in the world, accounting for 7% of the total number of papers in the three major international paper retrieval systems (sci, ei and istp), and has entered the second phalanx of the world, which is equivalent to that of Britain, Germany and Japan; The number of nano-scientific papers ranks first in the world, and the number of engineering scientific papers ranks second in the world. A number of core technologies have been broken through in the field of cutting-edge technologies, and the gap with the world advanced level has been narrowing. The research on cutting-edge technologies such as nonlinear optical crystals, quantum information communication, ultrashort laser and high-temperature superconductivity is at the leading level in the world, and a number of major achievements of independent innovation have emerged, such as manned space flight, super hybrid rice, high-performance computers, VLSI, and the third generation of China international standards for mobile communication.
2. Industrial technological innovation has made breakthroughs in many aspects. In recent years, China's technological innovation ability in basic industries, processing and manufacturing industries and emerging industries has been greatly improved. Major technological innovations have occurred in the fields of petroleum, steel, shipbuilding, electronic information, advanced equipment manufacturing and biotechnology, and the overall technical quality of the industry has reached a new level. The independent development capability, complete set level and comprehensive engineering capability of major technical equipment have been significantly improved, which has strongly supported the Three Gorges Project, West-to-East Power Transmission and West-to-East Power Transmission.
3. Science and technology have entered thousands of households and benefited hundreds of millions of people. In recent years, the government of China has given priority to solving people's livelihood problems and developing social undertakings. Scientific and technological progress has provided strong support for population health, energy conservation and emission reduction, climate change, disaster prevention and mitigation, and public safety. The planting and application of hybrid rice and the implementation of high-yield science and technology projects have provided important support for solving food security. In the field of energy, a number of key technologies such as oil exploration, complete sets of equipment for large-scale coal liquefaction projects, large-scale hydropower equipment and advanced nuclear power have been broken, and a number of key technologies of new energy such as fuel cells, wind energy and biomass energy have been overcome, laying a foundation for adjusting the energy structure and ensuring energy security. Important progress has been made in the prevention and control technology of major diseases and major infectious diseases such as AIDS, viral hepatitis, SARS virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza. A number of new drugs have been successfully created and new development of Chinese medicine has provided a foundation for improving people's health.
4. The output level of intellectual property rights has been greatly improved. In the past five years, the number of invention patent applications and authorizations in China has continued to grow rapidly, and the ability to create intellectual property rights has been further enhanced. From 2002 to 2006, the number of domestic invention patent applications increased from 39,700 to122,000, and the number of domestic invention patents granted from 0. 58 million to 25 thousand. With the establishment and gradual improvement of China's intellectual property system, the number of domestic and foreign invention patent applications accepted by China Patent Office has increased year by year. In 2006, the total number of invention patent applications in China reached 2 1 10,000, ranking fourth in the world.
5. The scale of high-tech industries continues to grow at a high speed. In the past five years, the average growth rate of high-tech industries has reached 27.0%, which is 6.5 percentage points higher than that during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period. The total output value of high-tech industries increased from 14.5% to 16%. In 2006, the total industrial output value of high-tech industrial enterprises above designated size reached 413.22 billion yuan. The total import and export volume of high-tech products reached $528.8 billion, 3.5 times that of 2002. By optimizing the trade structure, the competitiveness of the international market is increasing.
6. National Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone has become an important base for scientific and technological innovation and an important engine for regional economic development. In 2006, the total revenue and output value of the national high-tech industrial development zones reached 4.3 trillion and 3.6 trillion respectively. Gather half of the country's high-tech companies and technology company incubators, and the R&D investment accounts for1/3 of the country; The number of invention patents owned by companies in the region is 32,600; The industrial added value created by enterprises in the area reached 852.05 billion yuan, accounting for 9.4% of the national industrial added value. In the first half of 2007, the National Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone achieved a total operating income of 258,965,438+800 million yuan, a total industrial output value of 2187.32 billion yuan, an industrial added value of 50,265.438+600 million yuan, and foreign exchange earned by export of 96.7 billion US dollars.
7. The scale and intensity of investment in science and technology continued to increase. In 2006, the total expenditure on science and technology in the whole society was 450 billion yuan, and the total expenditure on research and development in the whole society was 3003 1 billion yuan, ranking fifth in the world. The intensity of R&D investment is constantly improving, and the total R&D expenditure of the whole society accounts for 1.42% of GDP. In the past five years, the national financial investment in science and technology has maintained an average annual growth of 17%, of which the central financial allocation for science and technology reached10097 billion yuan in 2006, an increase of 25.0% over the previous year.
8. China has become a big country in science and technology human resources in the world. In 2005, China's total scientific and technological human resources was about 35 million, ranking 1 in the world. In 2006, the number of full-time R&D personnel in China reached 6.5438+0.5 million/year; A dynamic team of young and middle-aged scientific and technological talents is growing rapidly, with young and middle-aged researchers under 45 accounting for 80% of the total number of researchers; The total number of students in colleges and universities has reached 23 million, which is the country that has trained the most scientific and technological talents in the world.
9. Significant progress has been made in the construction of the national innovation system, the reform of the science and technology system has been deepened, the dominant position of enterprises in technological innovation has been gradually enhanced, and the backbone and leading role of universities and scientific research institutions in technological innovation has been further exerted. In 2006, the total R&D expenditure of China Company reached 213.45 billion yuan, accounting for 7 1. 1% of the total R&D expenditure of the whole society. Private technology companies have grown from more than 7,000 20 years ago to 65,438+500,000 in 2006. There are 227,000 R&D personnel in colleges and universities, and a number of major innovations have been achieved, such as the leading genes of human cell aging, the next generation Internet demonstration project, and the silkworm genome. The innovation ability of research institutes has been significantly improved, the market-oriented innovation ability of applied development research institutes has been strengthened, and the innovation ability of public research institutes has been further enhanced. The knowledge innovation project of Chinese Academy of Sciences has achieved a number of significant innovations.
10. The breadth and depth of international scientific and technological cooperation have been further expanded. At present, China has established scientific and technological cooperation relations with 152 countries and regions, signed 102 intergovernmental scientific and technological cooperation agreements with 96 countries, and signed more than 1000 inter-departmental scientific and technological cooperation agreements, thus forming a relatively complete framework for bilateral and multilateral international scientific and technological cooperation among governments and actively utilizing international scientific and technological resources. China participated in major international scientific engineering projects, such as iter, Galileo global satellite navigation, international earth observation, earth space double-star exploration, protein Group of human liver, international scientific and technological cooperation of traditional Chinese medicine, etc. The channels for China scientists and scientific and technological personnel to participate in international scientific and technological cooperation have been further broadened, and personnel exchanges and cooperation have become closer and more convenient, with more flexible and diverse ways. So far, China has participated in about 350 international scientific and technological organizations, and 206 scientists have held leadership positions at all levels in international scientific and technological organizations. The questioner asked about 2009-08-04 14:34 only needs the specific name and time, and no specific introduction is needed! Thank you. 2009-08-04 14:46 Biotechnology-Biological Sciences: 1965 Scientists in China successfully synthesized bovine insulin gene for the first time in the world, and successfully recombined human beings by gene method on April 1998. 1984 On March 9th, China young scholar B. Shorgan cooperated with Japanese scholars to cultivate the world's first "test-tube goat". 1989, the "test-tube goat" was successfully cultivated.
Yuan Longping, known as the "father of hybrid rice" in the world, bred indica hybrid rice for the first time on 1973. Until the 1990s, the influence of hybrid rice continued.
Genetic engineering: Since 1980, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and Fudan University Institute of Genetics have made great breakthroughs in the research of transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor ix in milk, making China's transgenic sheep technology at the international leading level.
The Animal Husbandry Institute of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences has successfully bred a transgenic pig with low feed consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance. The total efficiency of gene introduction is 2. 1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.
In terms of genetic drugs, 1988, China has successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; 1992 A batch of synthetic artificial interferon and other genetic engineering drugs with special effects on hepatitis A and hepatitis C were successfully developed, and some of them have entered the market. Agricultural technology: As early as 1956, Guangdong farmers' breeding experts cultivated the first short indica rice variety widely popularized in China. Since then, with the breeding and popularization of a series of dwarf varieties, 1965.
In 1990s, agricultural scientists and technicians in China used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone photosensitive genic male sterile genes, and further developed a two-line hybrid rice technology using only male sterile lines and maintainer lines. It shows the characteristics of high yield, high quality and multi-resistance in large-scale trial planting in China, with an average yield of 1 1.250 kg per hectare.
1995165438+10 In October, the State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Biology Department of Shandong University jointly cultivated the world's first transgenic wheat variety with barley dwarf virus resistance.
1In July, 1997, Huang Danian, a researcher at China Rice Research Institute, and his research collaborators successfully transferred herbicide-resistant genes into rice and applied them to hybrid rice after years of research.
1997 10, Biotechnology Center of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guo Sandui, successfully developed the first bivalent insect-resistant cotton in China.
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