We know that the CPU needs to be connected to the motherboard through an interface to work. After so many years of development, the interface methods adopted by CPU are pin, card, contact and pin. At present, the interfaces of CPU are all pin interfaces, and the corresponding motherboards have corresponding slot types. Different types of CPU interfaces have different jacks in number, volume and shape, so they cannot be plugged into each other.
4. Number of pins
At present, CPUs are all connected to the motherboard through pin interfaces, but the number of pins of CPUs with different interfaces is different. The naming of CPU interface types is usually expressed by the number of pins. For example, the Socket 478 interface currently used by Pentium 4 series processors has 478 pins. Socket 462 interface adopted by Athlon XP series processors has 462 pins.
5. Power frequency
In electronic technology, pulse signal is a continuous pulse signal with a certain voltage amplitude and a certain time interval. The time interval between pulse signals is called period; The number of pulses generated per unit time (such as 1 sec) is called frequency. Frequency is a measurement name, which describes the number of pulses that appear in a unit time for periodic cyclic signals (including pulse signals). The standard unit of measurement of frequency is hertz. The system clock in the computer is a typical pulse signal generator, and its frequency is quite accurate and stable. Frequency is represented by "f" in mathematical expression, and the corresponding units are: hertz (Hz), kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). Where 1GHz= 1000MHz, 1MHz= 1000kHz, 1kHz= 1000Hz. Calculate the time unit of the pulse signal period and the corresponding conversion relationship: s (seconds), ms (milliseconds), μs (microseconds) and ns (nanoseconds), where: 1s= 1000ms, 1ms = 1000ms,.
The main frequency of the CPU, that is, the CPU clock speed at which the CPU core works. How many megahertz is a certain CPU? This megahertz is the "CPU main frequency". Many people think that the main frequency of CPU is its running speed, but it is not. The main frequency of CPU indicates the oscillation speed of digital pulse signal in CPU, which is not directly related to the actual computing power of CPU. There is a certain relationship between the main frequency and the actual running speed, but there is no definite formula to quantify the numerical relationship between them, because the running speed of CPU depends on the performance indicators of CPU pipeline (cache, instruction set, CPU bits, etc.). ). Because the main frequency does not directly represent the running speed, in some cases, it is likely that the higher the main frequency, the lower the actual running speed of the CPU. For example, most of AMD's AthlonXP series CPU can achieve the CPU performance of Intel's Pentium 4 series CPU at a low frequency, so AthlonXP series CPU is named after PR value. Therefore, the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance and does not represent the overall performance of CPU.
The main frequency of CPU does not represent the speed of CPU, but improving the main frequency is very important to improve the running speed of CPU. For example, suppose a CPU executes an operation instruction in a clock cycle, then when the CPU runs at 100MHz, it will be twice as fast as when it runs at 50MHz. Because the clock cycle of 100MHz is half of that of 50MHz, that is, the CPU working at 100MHz only needs 10ns to execute an operation instruction, which is half of that of 20ns working at 50MHz, and the natural operation speed is doubled. However, the overall running speed of the computer depends not only on the running speed of the CPU, but also on the running speed of other subsystems. Only when the main frequency is improved, the running speed of each subsystem and the data transmission speed between subsystems can be improved, and the overall running speed of the computer can be really improved.
Improving the working frequency of CPU is mainly limited by the production process. Since CPU is made on a semiconductor silicon wafer, the components on the silicon wafer need to be connected by wires. Because the wire is required to be as thin as possible at high frequency, it can reduce stray interference such as distributed capacitance of the wire and ensure the correct operation of CPU. Therefore, the limitation of manufacturing process is one of the biggest obstacles to the development of CPU main frequency.
Socket 478
Socket 478 interface is the interface type adopted by Pentium 4 series processors at present, with 478 pins. The Pentium 4 processor in the socket 478 has a small area and the pins are arranged very closely. Intel's Pentium 4 series and P4 Celeron series all use this interface.
Socket a
Socket A interface, also called Socket 462, is the socket interface of AMD's Athlon XP and Duron processors. Socket A interface has 462 slots and can support 133MHz external frequency.
Socket 423
The socket 423 was the standard interface of the original Pentium 4 processor. The shape of the 423 socket is similar to that of the previous socket, and the corresponding number of CPU pins is 423. Socket 423 slots are mostly based on the motherboard of Intel 850 chipset, and support Pentium 4 processors of 1.3 GHz ~ 1.8 GHz. However, with the popularity of DDR memory, Intel developed the i845 chipset supporting SDRAM and DDR memory, changed the CPU slot to Socket 478, and the Socket 423 interface disappeared.
Socket 370
Socket 370 architecture is developed by Intel, not a socket architecture. It looks very similar to Socket 7, and it also uses zero-plug slots, and the corresponding CPU is 370 pins. Intel's famous "Copper Mine" and "tualatin" series CPU all use this interface.
Slot 1
Slot 1 is a patented CPU interface developed by Intel Corporation to replace Socket 7. In this way, other manufacturers can't produce products with slot 1 interface. The CPU of SLOT 1 interface is no longer a familiar square, but a flat cuboid, and the interface has also become a golden finger, no longer in the form of a pin.
Slot 1 is a slot designed by Intel Corporation for Pentium II series CPU. Pentium II CPU and its related control circuits and secondary cache are all on a daughter card, and most slots 1 motherboards use 100MHz external frequency. Slot 1 has advanced technical structure, which can provide greater internal transmission bandwidth and CPU performance. This interface has been eliminated, and there is no such interface product on the market.
Slot 2
Slot 2 is used professionally for high-end servers and graphics workstation systems. The CPU used is also expensive Xeon series. There are many differences between slot 2 and slot 1. First of all, the Slot 2 slot is longer and the CPU itself is larger. Secondly, Slot 2 is competent for more demanding multi-purpose computing, which is the key to enter the high-end enterprise computing market. In the standard server design at that time, general manufacturers could only use two Pentium II processors in the system at the same time. With the design of slot 2, a server can use eight processors at the same time. Moreover, Pentium II CPU with Slot 2 interface adopted the most advanced 0.25 micron manufacturing technology at that time. Motherboard chipsets supporting SLOT 2 interface include 440GX and 450NX.
Slot a
SLOT A interface is similar to Intel's SLOT 1 interface, which is used by AMD's K7 Athlon. In terms of technology and performance, SLOT A motherboard is fully compatible with all kinds of original peripheral expansion cards. It does not use Intel's P6 GTL+ bus protocol, but uses Digital's Alpha bus protocol EV6. EV6 architecture is an advanced architecture, which adopts multi-thread point-to-point topology and supports 200MHz bus frequency.
AMD series
Socket 754: In the early Athlon 64, most of Sempron and Turion 64 processors used Socket 754 interface, and the memory controller was in single channel mode, which means that the bandwidth of CPU reading and writing memory was 64bit.
Socket 754
When the AMD64-bit desktop platform was first released in September 2003, Socket 754 was the CPU interface. At present, there are low-end Athlon 64 and high-end Sempron with 754 CPU pins. With the popularity of Socket 939, Socket 754 will eventually fade out.
Socket 939: Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 X2 processors use this interface. The memory controller is in dual-channel mode, and the memory bandwidth of CPU reading and writing can reach 128bit.
Socket 939
Socket 939 is a 64-bit desktop interface standard introduced by AMD in June 2004. At present, there are high-end Athlon 64 and Athlon 64 FX with 939 CPU pins. Socket 939 processor and Socket 940 slot cannot be mixed, but Socket 939 still uses the same CPU fan system mode, so the fans used by Socket 940 and Socket 754 can also be used for Socket 939 processor.
Socket 940: Early Athlon 64 FX and most Opteron used this excuse. The memory controller is also dual-channel and supports ECC memory.
Socket 775
Socket 775, also known as Socket T, is the corresponding interface of CPU encapsulated by Intel LGA775. At present, the CPU packaged by LGA775 includes Pentium 4, Pentium 4 EE, Celeron D and so on. Different from the previous Socket 478 interface CPU, the bottom of Socket 775 interface CPU has no traditional pins, but 775 contacts, that is, it is not pin-type but contact-type, and transmits signals by contacting with the 775 contact pins in the corresponding Socket 775 slots. Socket 775 interface can not only effectively improve the signal strength and frequency of the processor, but also improve the yield of the processor and reduce the production cost. With the gradual fading out of Socket 478, Socket 775 will become the standard interface for all Intel desktop CPUs in the future.
Socket 940
Socket 940 is the earliest published AMD64-bit interface standard with 940 CPU pins. Currently, servers/workstations use Opteron and Athlon 64 FX as this interface. With the new Athlon 64 FX switching to Socket 939 interface, Socket 940 will become Opteron's special interface.
Socket 603
Socket 603 is used professionally and applied to Intel's high-end server/workstation platform. The CPU using this interface is Xeon MP and early Xeon, with 603 CPU pins. The CPU of Socket 603 interface can be compatible with Socket 604 slot.
Socket 604
Similar to Socket 603, Socket 604 is still a high-end server/workstation platform for Intel. The CPU using this interface is Xeon of 533MHz and 800MHz FSB. The CPU of Socket 604 interface is not compatible with Socket 603 slot.
List of CPU interface types
CPU interface type pin number socket type voltage supported CPU type
Socket 1 169 ZIF 5V Intel 80486DX4 80486SX Overdrive series CPU.
Socket 2 238 ZIF 5V Intel 80486 dx80486 dx2 80486 dx4 80486 sx overdrive series CPU.
Socket 3 237 zif 3.3v/5v Intel 80486 dx80486 dx2 80486 dx4 80486 sx overdrive series CPU.
Slot 4 273 zif 5v Intel Pentium 60/66 overdrive series CPU
Socket 5 320 * zif 3.3v Intel Pentium 75 ~ 133 overdrive series CPU.
Slot 6 235 zif 3.3v Intel 80486dx4 Pentium overdrive series CPU.
Socket 7 32 1 zif 3.3v Intel Pentium/Pentium MMX AMD K5/K6/K6-2/K6-Ⅲ Cyrix/IBM 6x86/6x86L/6x8mx/M2IDC6/WinChip2 and other CPU series.
Socket 8 387 zif2. 1v ~ 3.5v Intel 150mhz ~ 200mhz Pentium Pro CPU series.
Slot 1 242 slot 1.3v ~ 3.3v Intel Celeron (slot 1 architecture) Pentium II Pentium III (slot 1 architecture) series CPU.
Slot 2 330 Slot 1.3v ~ 3.3v Intel Pentium II Xeon Pentium III Xeon series CPU.
Slot A242 Slot 1.3V ~ 2.05V AMD Athlon/Thunderbird (slot A architecture) series CPU.
Intel Celeron Pentium III Cyrix III series CPU based on Socket 370 370 ZIF1.3v ~ 2.1V Socket 370 architecture.
Socket a462zif1.3v ~ 2.05v amd duron and Thunderbird CPU series.
Socket 423 423 zif 1.75v Intel Pentium 4 series CPU.
Socket 478 478 ZIF 1.75V supports Intel Pentium 4(mPGA478 package) series CPU.
*: The actual chip has only 296 pins.
We know that the CPU needs to be connected to the motherboard through an interface to work. After so many years of development, the interface methods adopted by CPU are pin, card, contact and pin. At present, the interfaces of CPU are all pin interfaces, and the corresponding motherboards have corresponding slot types. Different types of CPU interfaces have different jacks in number, volume and shape, so they cannot be plugged into each other.
Socket 478
It turns out that the Socket 478 interface is the interface type adopted by the early Pentium 4 series processors, with 478 pins. The Pentium 4 processor in the socket 478 has a small area and the pins are arranged very closely. Intel's Pentium 4 series and P4 Celeron series all use this interface, and at present, this CPU has gradually withdrawn from the market.
However, at the beginning of 2006, Intel introduced a brand-new Socket 478 interface, which is a special interface for Intel's processors Core Duo and Core Solo. Compared with the earlier desktop Pentium 4 series socket 478 interface, although the number of pins is 478, their pin definitions and voltages are completely different, so they are incompatible with each other. With the overall shift of Intel's processors to the Core architecture, more and more processors will adopt the new Socket 478 interface in the future, such as Celeron M, which will soon launch the Core architecture.
Socket 775
Socket 775, also known as Socket T, is the corresponding interface of CPU encapsulated by Intel LGA775. At present, there are single-core CPUs such as Pentium 4, Pentium 4 EE and Celeron D packaged in LGA775, and dual-core CPUs such as Pentium D and Pentium EE. Different from the previous Socket 478 interface CPU, the bottom of Socket 775 interface CPU has no traditional pins, but 775 contacts, that is, it is not pin-type but contact-type, and transmits signals by contacting with the 775 contact pins in the corresponding Socket 775 slots. Socket 775 interface can not only effectively improve the signal strength and frequency of the processor, but also improve the yield of the processor and reduce the production cost. With the gradual fading out of Socket 478, Socket 775 has become the standard interface of Intel desktop CPU.
Socket 754
Socket 754 is the CPU interface of AMD64-bit desktop platform when it was first released in September 2003. It has 754 CPU pins and only supports single channel DDR memory. At present, there are low-end models of desktop platform Athlon 64 and high-end models of Sempron, as well as mobile platforms such as Mobile Sempron, Mobile Athlon 64 and Turion 64. With AMD turning to support DDR2 memory in 2006, Socket 754 of desktop platform will be gradually replaced by Socket AM2 to unify the interface of AMD desktop processor. At the same time, Socket 754 of mobile platform will be gradually replaced by Socket S 1 which has 638 CPU pins and supports dual-channel DDR2 memory. Socket 754 completed its historical mission at the end of 2007 and was eliminated. On the contrary, its life is much longer than that of Socket 939, which once claimed to replace itself.
Socket 939
Socket 939 is a 64-bit desktop interface standard introduced by AMD in June 2004. It has 939 CPU pins and supports dual-channel DDR memory. At present, Snapdragon 1XX series for entry-level server/workstation market, Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX and Athlon 64 X2 for desktop market all adopt this interface. In addition, some Sempron specially designed for OEM also adopt Socket 939 interface. Socket 939 processor and Socket 940 slot cannot be mixed, but Socket 939 still uses the same CPU fan system mode. With AMD turning to support DDR2 memory in 2006, Socket 939 was replaced by Socket AM2, which completed its historical mission in early 2007 and was eliminated. Its life span from launch to destruction is less than three years.
Socket 940
Socket 940 is the earliest published AMD64-bit CPU interface standard, which has 940 CPU pins and supports dual-channel ECC DDR memory. At present, Opteron used by servers/workstations and Athlon 64 FX used this interface. With the new Athlon 64 FX and some Snapdragon 1XX series switching to Socket 939 interface, Socket 940 has become a special interface for Snapdragon 2XX series, Snapdragon 8XX series and some Snapdragon 1XX series. With AMD turning to support DDR2 memory in 2006, Socket 940 will be gradually replaced by Socket F, completing its historical mission and being eliminated.
Socket 603
Socket 603 is used professionally and applied to Intel's high-end server/workstation platform. The CPU using this interface is Xeon MP and early Xeon, with 603 CPU pins. The CPU of Socket 603 interface can be compatible with Socket 604 slot.
Socket 604
Similar to Socket 603, Socket 604 is still a high-end server/workstation platform for Intel. The CPU using this interface is Xeon of 533MHz and 800MHz FSB. The CPU of Socket 604 interface is not compatible with Socket 603 slot.
Socket a
Socket A interface, also called Socket 462, is the socket interface of AMD's Athlon XP and Duron processors. Socket A interface has 462 slots and can support 133MHz external frequency.
Socket 423
The socket 423 was the standard interface of the original Pentium 4 processor. The shape of the 423 socket is similar to that of the previous socket, and the corresponding number of CPU pins is 423. With the popularization of DDR memory, Intel developed the i845 chipset supporting SDRAM and DDR memory, and the CPU slot was changed to Socket 478, and the Socket 423 interface disappeared.
Socket 370
Socket 370 architecture is developed by Intel, not a socket architecture. It looks very similar to Socket 7, and it also uses zero-plug slots, and the corresponding CPU is 370 pins. Intel's famous "Copper Mine" and "tualatin" series CPU all use this interface.
Slot 1
Slot 1 is a patented CPU interface developed by Intel Corporation to replace Socket 7. In this way, other manufacturers can't produce products with slot 1 interface. The CPU of SLOT 1 interface is no longer a familiar square, but a flat cuboid, and the interface has also become a golden finger, no longer in the form of a pin. Slot 1 is a slot designed by Intel Corporation for Pentium II series CPU, which integrates Pentium II CPU, its related control circuits and secondary cache on a daughter card. At present, this interface has been eliminated.
Slot 2
Slot 2 is used professionally for high-end servers and graphics workstation systems. The CPU used is also expensive Xeon series. Slot 2 is longer than slot 1. With the design of slot 2, a server can use eight processors at the same time. Moreover, Pentium II CPU with Slot 2 interface adopted the most advanced 0.25 micron manufacturing technology at that time. Motherboard chipsets supporting SLOT 2 interface include 440GX and 450NX.
Slot a
SLOT A interface is similar to Intel's SLOT 1 interface, which is used by AMD's K7 Athlon. In terms of technology and performance, SLOT A motherboard is fully compatible with all kinds of original peripheral expansion cards. It does not use Intel's P6 GTL+ bus protocol, but uses Digital's Alpha bus protocol EV6. EV6 architecture is an advanced architecture, which adopts multi-thread point-to-point topology and supports 200MHz bus frequency.