How many soldiers and horses did the king of Qin reach at most?

Within Liuhe, the land of emperors. East to the sea, west to quicksand. South households and north households, and north households are summer. People have to surrender wherever they go. Qin, Qin Weilie. Good intentions are rewarded for the benefit of cattle and horses. -Langya Stone Carvings (Li Si in Qin Dynasty) After the reform of Shang Dynasty, Qin established the basic national policy of "rewarding peace, punishing doctors and benefiting the world with one hole" throughout the country. The Qin dynasty cultivated political principles in order to preserve the military foundation, expand the territory and compete with other countries. The rulers of the State of Qin used the harsh and ruthless legalist ideology to reward and punish clearly, and thoroughly mobilized their forces to pour the country into the massive and tragic merger war during the Warring States period. During the 50-odd years since Qin unified the world/kloc-0, the so-called "teacher of tigers and wolves" fought hundreds of wars with the eastern countries, and the troops of the six countries were killed1500 thousand. On the battlefield of "corpses everywhere, thousands of miles of blood", the cold-blooded Qin people took the flesh and blood of the six countries to the road of reunification. 237 years ago, the king of Qin came to power, and the six eastern countries, which had been tossed about by Qiang Qin for more than a hundred years, were unable to fight back. All countries are weak, there is no hope for the world to unite, and Qiang Qin is the only country in the world at any time. The six monarchs are in danger, and no matter how hard they try, they can't change the overwhelming advantage of Qin. The day of showdown between Qin and other countries is not far away. In this regard, people of insight at that time had already seen it clearly. Xunzi, the mentor of Li Si and Han Fei and a great scholar at the end of the Warring States Period, predicted that the world that had been in dispute for more than 400 years would be unified within 20 years. During the ten years from 230 to 22 1 year, the ruling group of Qin tried to destroy a country every two years after careful planning and preparation. To this end, Qin mobilized the national men's book year, and then millions of tigers and wolves in Qin launched a war to destroy the six countries. History records: "Qin Shang Hei, Qin Chongxian." It is not difficult to imagine that Qin Jun, like a dark cloud covering the sun, swept the world with destructive power, with the four northern countries bearing the brunt. In the first 230 years, Shi Teng, a general of Qin Dynasty, attacked North Korea, and An was captured. In the first 228 years, after several days of fierce fighting, the general Wang Jian led the army to destroy the main force of Zhao, break through Handan and capture it, and Zhao Gongzi A broke through and fled. In the first 226 years, Yan was attacked on a large scale, and the Wangs (Zhao Gongzi's family) were United against Qin. The Yan allied forces fought on the shore of Xiaoshui, and the Yan army fled. Qin Jun took advantage of the situation and broke into the territory of the State of Yan, trying to take the city of Ji. The prince abandoned the city in a hurry and led down archers out of Liaodong. In the first 225 years, it was all around, only the lonely city of Wei, and it clung to the girders. Qin Jun decided to fill the city with water from the Yellow River, and all the people in the city became fish and turtles. In March of that year, the city was broken and Wei was killed. At this time, Qin turned its attention to Chu in the south. Different from the Central Plains countries, Chu is a big southern country with a long history and unique culture. In its heyday, Chu ruled a vast territory south of Huaihe River, east of Three Gorges and west of wuyue. Chu people have a strong sense of pride and independence since the Western Zhou Dynasty. Although in the past century, under the fierce military attack, the declining Chu lost its land and moved its capital to avoid disasters many times, most of the dozens of cities in Jingchu, the birthplace of Chu, fell into Qin, and Chu Huaiwang was imprisoned in Qin and died in a different place. Chu people's self-esteem was greatly hit and they were all ashamed. So that Qu Zifa felt the feeling of "leaving Sao" and lamented the sadness of "national mourning" and died in the Miluo River. It should be said that in the ten-year unified war, Qin Jun met the most tenacious resistance in Chu, and Li Xin led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu, which was unfavorable in the first battle. In the first 224 years, 600,000 soldiers headed by General Wang Jian of the State of Qin overwhelmed the whole country with superior forces, and launched a fatal blow to the heart of Chu-Xichu area. Chu concentrated the whole country's forces against Qin Jun, and the two armies fought a decisive battle in Huaiyang. The Chu army was defeated and the king of Chu was captured. Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, immediately made Chang Pingjun king in Shouchun, the capital, and continued to fight against Qin. Qin Jun attacked Huainan, surrounded Shouchun and launched a general attack. Xiang Yan led the Chu army to resist to the death, but in the end, due to the disparity in strength, after several days of fierce fighting, Shouchun City was broken, Changping Jun died, and Xiang Yan committed suicide in despair. Qin Jun crossed the Yangtze River and marched into the south of the Yangtze River, and the State of Chu perished. At this time, the five countries have stood by and watched. From the ruins and Qi, which is enjoying peace, they all have a premonition of catastrophe and began to panic. In 22 1 year, due to the grim situation, Qi broke off diplomatic relations with Qin and began to recruit soldiers to defend the western border and the Inner Great Wall. Wang Ben, who had just made an expedition to Liaodong and was on standby in Yan State, led an army from the south of Yan State to the area of Hanoi in Qi State. After the defense of Qi Army, he accidentally plunged into Linzi. With the speed of lightning, the state of Qi was too late to mobilize troops to resist. In the same year, it settled in Linzi, and Qi took the soldiers of the whole country. The division of Armageddon surrendered to Qin without fighting, and the land was returned to North Korea. The first year of 22 1 is a day destined to go down in history. The war-torn world has been reunified, and this hard-won reunification has made people wait for 400 years. After the completion of the Six Kings, the world will be at peace and there will be no more wars. Many ordinary people spontaneously bought wine and meat to celebrate, so that the grand occasion of "the world's largest breasts" appeared. A soldier from Qin Jun wrote happily in a letter sent to the rear: Today is the day when our country will destroy all countries, and the king rewarded us with a glass of wine. Ying Zheng, a big bastard in the history of China, with his ethereal body, aroused the prestige of VI, swept the sea, destroyed the six countries, fulfilled the last wish of the six generations of kings of Qin people in the past 50 years, and drew a perfect full stop for the cause of Qin people unifying the world. 222 years ago, the king of Qin was crowned as the first emperor of China. From then on, a brand-new and powerful Qin Empire was born. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang, the emperor with a quirk of howling in the middle of the night, ruled the country with cold blood, an iron fist and power. He has great energy, set up counties, abolished the enfeoffment system, integrated centralization and autocratic monarchy, and read hundreds of pounds of letters every day; He devoted himself to the standardization of the empire, making cars on the same track, books in the same language, unified currency and weights and measures; He severely suppressed the rebels in the six countries, paid attention to nip in the bud, eliminated the traitors before they germinated, moved hundreds of Kanto nobles to Xianyang, and collected all the weapons in the world to build bronze men to weaken the people in the six countries. He admired legalism, rejected all kinds of theories, burned books and buried Confucianism, and fooled people all over the world. He was overjoyed, abused the people's resources, repaired the tomb of Mount Li, built the Epang Palace, opened the Lingqu, built the Great Wall and extended the straight road. The whole country seems to have turned into a huge construction site. Qin unified the world, but it doesn't mean the war is over. In the mind of the first emperor of militarism, it was only the beginning of a new round of territorial expansion. He is so powerful that no one can change his strong will He attacked the Huns in the north and made hundreds of expeditions in the south, which made the Huns afraid to go south to herd horses. The foot soldiers dare not bow their heads and complain, and the people dare to be angry and dare not speak. In 2 12, the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Qin dynasty, the empire reached its peak, and Qin Shihuang was full of ambition: within Liuhe, the land of emperors. East to the sea, west to quicksand. South households and north households, and north households are summer. People have to surrender wherever they go. Qin, Qin Weilie. Good intentions are rewarded for the benefit of cattle and horses. However, the emperor never imagined that the century-old empire he fought for all his life only existed for fifteen years in human history. 2 10 years ago, Qin Shihuang began his last trip to the hometown of Chu, which was called the death trip. He became more and more uneasy and prone to riots. He got sick on the road and walked on the sand dunes in Zhao Di. In July of the same year, Qin Shihuang died in Dune Palace. Dune Palace, once the palace of King Zhao, witnessed the end of the lives of the two greatest emperors in the Warring States Period, King Zhao Wuling and Qin Shihuang, in less than 90 years. At this time, in the gloomy palace of Dune Palace, under the dim light, eunuch Zhao Gao and Prime Minister Reese are planning a big conspiracy. They did not send out obituaries, so they ordered Fu Su, the son of Jiao, and General Meng Tian to make Hu Hai, the son of Xianyang, the second emperor. Dunes were a battleground for the Qin Empire. This is the eve of chaos in the world, and it is also the inevitable doom of the Qin Dynasty. In the next three years, countless Qin Jun soldiers fought bloody battles to save the demise of the Qin Dynasty. K

Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and Qin Army

In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang annihilated the pack and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China. Besides the advantages of advanced politics, developed economy, flexible diplomacy and superior terrain, it is more important for Qin to have an invincible and invincible army. The discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty provides abundant physical data for understanding and studying the army and military system of Qin State, and is a powerful evidence to explain its role in reunification.

The pit of Qin figurines was discovered by members of Xiyang Village, Yanzhai Commune, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province in the spring of 1974. This slave burial pit is located one kilometer east of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. Through exploration, trial excavation and partial excavation, it is known that there are four slave burial pits where terracotta warriors and horses are placed. South one north three, which are not connected with each other, are numbered one, two and (non) three. According to the military system of the Warring States Period, the No.1 pit is the right army, the No.2 pit is Zuo Jun, and the No.3 pit is the military curtain. However, the unfinished pit is located in Zhong Jun, so it is the proposed Zhong Jun. The left, middle and right armed forces and the headquarters' military curtain together form a complete military array system, symbolizing the Su Wei troops stationed outside the capital, aiming at guarding the buildings under the mausoleum.

These four pits are different in size and shape. Among them, the pit has not been completed, the frame has not been built, and the figurines have not been placed. The terracotta warriors and horses in the three pits are different according to the arms. The layout is also very different.

Pit 1: There are about 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses, and their arrangement can be divided into horizontal lines and columns. At the eastern end of the pit, there are three roads, each with 68 horizontal robes with crossbows and quiver, and 240 people. This is a vanguard that uses long-range weapons (bows and crossbows) and wears light combat suits. Then there are 38 columns of more than 30 Xu chariots. Armored figurines and robe figurines are armed with long weapons such as ge, spear, halberd and spear, which are the main body of fighting and stabbing composed of a warrior. In addition, on both sides and rear of this powerful horizontal line and column, there is a list of crossbow figurines facing south, north and west respectively, ***5 18, which are the two wings and the guard force respectively.

Pit No.2: The pattern is complicated. In the square pit protruding from the northeast corner, there are 8 rows, including 65,438+060 squat armor figurines. There are 172 standing shooting figurines facing the east around the squatting figurines, which are military units composed of crossbowmen. There are three parallel military units behind the crossbowman figurines, from south to north: one is a phalanx composed of 64 chariots and 192 armored figurines. Second, it consists of three arms: car, step and riding. The interval between car and step is arranged as car-step, car-step, ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

It can be seen that the No.2 pit is a mixed queue composed of four arms: infantry, crossbowmen, chariot and cavalry. The weapons used are also different according to the arms and combat positions, each holding a bow, crossbow, bow, spear, halberd, cymbal and sword.

Pit No.3: There is a canopy facing east on the front of the pit, followed by four armored figurines wearing long crowns. In the north and south wing, there are 64 armor figures of guards respectively. The pit is arranged in a "curtain" style, with noble caravans and death guards, which shows that it is the command organ of the Qin figurine army array.

Sankeng Terracotta Warriors and Horses is an artistic representation of Qin Jun, from which we can study the army and military system of Qin State, and thus evaluate its position and role in unifying Qin State.

First, the military service system of Qin and the establishment and governance of the army.

The State of Qin implements the universal conscription system and the permanent conscription system in counties and counties. Men aged 65,438+05 and below the rank of "Bugeng" (level 20) can be called up as soldiers at any time. (1) Such a military system ensured that the State of Qin had a steady stream of troops, and when the number of Qin Jun reached the maximum, it reached "one million armored, thousands of chariots and horses". (2) According to the arrangement density, there are nearly 10,000 pottery figurines such as disciples (infantry), chariots and cavalry in these three pits, with more than 500 chariots and horses and more than 30 wooden chariots/kloc-0. That is to say, the number of the two armies is similar.

Qin Jun's establishment: 5 people as a team, 50 as "commanders", 100 as "hundred generals" and 500 as "five hundred masters". ④

Qin's army is divided into two parts: regular army and local armed forces. Regular troops, including border guards, field guards and capital guards, are under the direct control of the imperial court, and local troops are under the command of the county chief. In the war to unify China, the regular army played an important role, and the soldiers were called "sharp soldiers" or "valiant soldiers". County armed forces can be transferred to the central government at any time and sent to fight or defend the capital, so county armed forces are also a force to be reckoned with.

Mobilizing Qin Jun's power is entirely in the hands of the monarch. Even if the county soldiers are recruited, they must have the order of the monarch and affix the decree. During the Warring States period, all countries used tiger symbols to dispatch troops, and so did the Qin army.

Second, Qin Jun's combat effectiveness.

Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin's army has become stronger and stronger. With the development of production, Qin Jun's weapons and equipment have been continuously improved. At that time, weapons were divided into three categories: long-range weapons (bows, crossbows, etc. ), long soldiers (bows, spears, halberds, spears, darts, cymbals, etc. ), and short soldiers (swords, etc. These weapons were all found in the pit of the terracotta warriors. Including Qin products before reunification, are all bronze products. Compared with the six countries of Kanto, Qin's weapons and equipment are greatly inferior, and Qin's steel weapons have not been discovered so far. So, how did Qin Jun beat the best with the worst? Through the investigation of the weapons unearthed in the pit of Qin terracotta warriors and horses, we can find that the bronze weapons have adopted advanced production technology and made a lot of improvements. For example, the improvement of the crossbow machine, an advanced weapon widely used in the Warring States period, has a range of 150 meters for small crossbows and 800 meters for large crossbows. All landowners spear and sword, two traditional weapons, have also been improved. According to the examination, the spear is generally no longer than Sansou, about 5.54 meters long, while the Qin spear unearthed in the Qin figurine pit is 6.3 meters long. The sword in the Spring and Autumn Period is generally about 30 cm, and it is 60-70 cm in the Warring States Period. There are three swords unearthed in the pit of the terracotta warriors, the longest of which is 9 1.3 cm. On the other hand, the arrow changed from wings to triangles. These unearthed weapons are blue and bright, with thin and sharp fronts, and are treated with chromium. They were officially listed as patents in Germany and the United States on 1937 and 1950 respectively. Therefore, although Qin's weapons are still made of bronze, its manufacturing level has reached the peak in the history of ancient bronze casting, which is also the place to defeat the enemy. In order to fight effectively, Qin Jun soldiers also have a set of combat uniforms. The soldiers of the regular army are all wearing armor and armor, which are all made of metal plates. There are three types of armored pottery figurines unearthed in the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, one of which is composed of shoulder armor and body armor, which was the main protective equipment in Qin Jun at that time. Legs are wrapped in shin guards (trousers), or knees (legs), and feet are tied to hooks (shoes with upturned toes) or put away (boots), but there is no helmet.

Third, Qin Jun's fighting style, strategy and tactics.

With the rapid increase of the number of troops and the improvement of weapons, the combat mode in the Warring States period has also changed greatly. At this time, the field battle of infantry and cavalry replaced the vehicle war, and the war also showed a lasting, large-scale and more cruel nature. For example, although Qin was "better than Changping", he decided to "pet-name ruby" for three years and killed 450,000 prisoners of Zhao. Qin Jun was also "born over fifteen" attending.

At the end of the Warring States period, Qin Jun's arms were divided into infantry, crossbows, chariots, and riders. Infantry became the main fighting force, while cavalry became an independent arm, which mainly cooperated with infantry in surprise attack and charge. For example, Pit No.2 of Terracotta Warriors and Horses is a mixed queue composed of four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and rider. Four small arrays are connected with each other to form a curved ruler-shaped army array.

Due to the change of combat mode and the frequency and complexity of war, the command of war has become an art, and the art of war is more exquisite than before, resulting in many famous military strategists and outstanding generals. For example, Liao Wei, a representative strategist of Qin State, was one of the famous militarists in the Warring States Period. The art of war "Wei Liaozi" has played a great role in the construction of Qin Jun. For example, the pit array of Qin figurines is the embodiment of "introversion, extroversion, standing in array and sitting in array" in Wei Liaozi Ling Bing. The wings and guards of the No.1 pit are "extroverted" and the forwards are "introverted". The "squatting armor figurines" in No.2 pit belong to "sitting in array" and "standing armor figurines" belong to "standing array".

Fourth, the military reward and punishment system

In order to treat Qin Jun seriously and run the army according to the Legalist line, Qin Jun also implemented a military reward and punishment system. Shang Yang's political reform implemented a 20-level title system to reward military service. Qin Jun, regardless of officers and men, established a military post, gradually promoted his title, and enjoyed various feudal privileges according to the level of his title. "decapitate one armor, award a knighthood", and implement a quota system to stipulate the number of beheaded enemies. At the same time, the Qin law also stipulates that "anyone who leads more than 1000 troops, fights in the north, defends the surrender and escapes from the ground" will be punished as follows: "Men and women are public officials". 1 1 Let the Qin people "have no reason to fight". 12 the army implements the rule of "five soldiers sitting together": if one of the five soldiers escapes, the other four will be punished, and if one of the enemy's heads can be beheaded, they will be exempted from punishment. "Hundred Generals" and "Tunchang" will be beheaded if they don't get the enemy's head in the battle. If they get 33 enemy heads, even if they are full of the number stipulated by the court, they will be promoted to the first level.

To sum up, due to the strict reward and punishment system, strict military organization, excellent generals' command, appropriate strategies and tactics, excellent weapons and other conditions, Qin Jun has become a brave and terrible army, as people described at that time: "... people with tiger potential, department heads, and countless people eager to win; Qin Jun soldiers, before and after exploration, found three people between the hoof, countless. He was a pawn in Shandong and was attacked by armor. Qin people gave their disciples to the enemy, fanned their heads left and captured their prisoners right. Qin's late husband is Shandong's late husband, and Meng Ben's late husband is Meng Ben's late husband. Use gravity pressure, just like martial arts and babies; " A husband's resistance to Meng Ben and Wu Huonan's attack on a weak country is tantamount to falling into a critical position. If he gathers on the eggs, he will have no luck. 13, the teacher of the tiger and the wolf, is extremely brave, and its role in the unification of Qin dynasty can be seen from this, and its historical position should be affirmed.

note:

(1) Draft History of Qin Dynasty

(2) The Warring States Policy Qin Han Chu Ce I

③ Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qinling Mountains

(4) the book of Shang Jun, domestic articles.

⑤ History of Criminal Law in Han Dynasty

⑥ Warring States Policy and Qin Policy

⑦ Chi Bing and Qin Zi was published in the first issue of Journal of Northwest University (1978).

⑧ Exploration of the contents and weapons of the Terracotta Warriors with cultural relics in the pit.

1975 Issue 11

Pet-name ruby "Lv Chunqiu Yan Ying"

Attending "literature general examination, military examination one"

1 1 Outstanding severe punishment order

12 History of Chinese Geography

13 "Warring States Policy Hance I"