First, the difficult road to success
Nobel 1833 was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His father was a brilliant mechanic and inventor, but he suffered many setbacks due to poor management. Later, a fire destroyed all the possessions, and life was completely down and out, so we had to borrow money to live. In order to avoid creditors, my father left home and went to Russia to make a living. Nobel's two brothers sell matches in the street to earn money to support their families. Because of the hardships of life, Nobel was born weak and sick, and his poor health made him unable to be as lively and cheerful as other children. He often acts as a bystander when other children play together. The environment of his childhood made him withdrawn and introverted.
Nobel's father devoted himself to chemical research, especially explosives. Influenced by his father, Nobel showed a tenacious and brave character from an early age. He often went to do explosive experiments with his father and almost spent his childhood in a loud explosion.
Nobel didn't go to school until he was eight years old, but he only studied for one year, which was the only formal school education he received. When he was 10 years old, his family moved to Petersburg, Russia. In Russia, because of the language barrier, Nobel and his two brothers could not enter the local school, so they had to hire a Swedish tutor to guide them to learn Russian, English, French, German and other languages. The frail Nobel studied very hard, and his studious attitude not only won the praise of teachers, but also won the love of his father and brothers. However, when he 15 years old, the three brothers had to stop studying because of family financial difficulties and could not afford the tuition. Nobel came to the factory run by his father as an assistant. He observed carefully and thought carefully, and all the important knowledge he heard and saw was keenly absorbed by him.
In order to let him learn more, 1850, his father asked him to study abroad. In two years, he has been to Germany, France, Italy and the United States. Because he is good at observing and studying hard, he accumulates knowledge quickly. He soon became a multilingual scholar and a scientifically trained scientist. After returning to China, during his internship in the factory, he inspected many production processes, not only added a lot of practical technology, but also became familiar with the production and management of the factory.
In this way, Nobel, who had no formal education, finally became a scientist and inventor through hard work and persistent self-study.
Second, the brave cause
1856, Nobel's father left him and his two brothers in Russia to manage the factory and brought other family members back to China. Nobel's two brothers devoted themselves to the revival of the enterprise, while Nobel devoted himself wholeheartedly to his beloved invention. In just over two years, he completed three inventions: gas meter, liquid meter and improved liquid manometer, and all three inventions were patented. Although these inventions were not very important, they inspired Nobel's confidence and he was determined to devote himself to new inventions with greater enthusiasm. Years of studying explosives with his father also made his interest quickly shift from mechanics to applied chemistry.
As early as 1847, Beulaygue invented a high explosive called nitroglycerin. Its explosive power is unmatched by any explosive in history. However, this kind of explosive is extremely unsafe. If you are not careful, the operator will be shattered. Many people were bloodied by the accidental explosion, and even the bodies were not found. Nobel is determined to transform this high explosive into a safe one. 1in the summer of 862, he began to study nitroglycerin. This is a difficult journey full of danger and sacrifice. Death has always been with him. An explosion experiment exploded and the laboratory was blown up without a trace. All five assistants were killed, even his youngest brother. This amazing explosion gave Nobel's father a very heavy blow and died soon. His neighbors, out of fear, also sued Nobel to the government. Since then, the government has not allowed Nobel to conduct experiments in this city. However, Nobel is indomitable. He moved his laboratory to a boat in a suburban lake to continue his experiment. After long-term research, he finally found a substance that is very easy to cause explosion-mercury fulminate. He used mercury fulminate to make explosive detonator, which successfully solved the problem of explosive detonation. This is the invention of detonator. This is a major breakthrough on Nobel's scientific road.
When Nobel invented the detonator, it was the climax of industrial revolution in europe. Mine development, river excavation, railway construction and tunnel excavation all need a large number of high explosives, and the advent of nitroglycerin explosives has been widely welcomed. Nobel built the world's first nitroglycerin factory in Sweden, and then set up a joint venture abroad to produce explosives. But the explosive itself still has many imperfections. It will decompose when stored for a long time, and strong vibration will also cause explosion. Many accidents occurred during transportation and storage. In view of these circumstances, the governments of Sweden and other countries have repeatedly issued bans to prohibit anyone from transporting explosives invented by Nobel, and clearly put forward that Nobel should be investigated for legal responsibility. In the face of these tests, Nobel was not intimidated. On the basis of repeated research, he invented a safe explosive with diatomite as absorbent. This kind of safe explosive, called yellow explosive, shows great safety under the action of fire and hammer. This completely dispelled people's doubts about Nobel explosives, Nobel regained its credibility, and the explosive industry also developed rapidly.
On the basis of the successful development of safe explosives, Nobel began to improve old explosives and studied the production of new explosives in France. Two years later, a new colloidal explosive made of gunpowder cotton and nitroglycerin was successfully developed. This new explosive is not only powerful, but also safer. It can be rolled between hot rollers or pressed into rope shape under hot air. The invention of colloidal explosives has been widely concerned by the scientific and technological circles. In the face of his achievements, Nobel did not stop. When he learned the advantages of smokeless powder, he devoted himself to the research and development of mixed smokeless powder and developed a new type of smokeless powder in a short time.
Nobel made many inventions in his life and obtained 255 patents, including 129 kinds of explosives. His interest in invention is not limited to explosives. As an inventor and scientist, he has rich imagination and indomitable perseverance. He has studied synthetic rubber and man-made fibers, experimented with improving the parts of records, telephones, batteries and electric lamps, and tried to synthesize precious stones. Although these research results are not great compared with explosives, his spirit of daring to explore left a deep impression on future generations.
Third, the last wish of eternity.
Nobel devoted his life to the cause of science. He lives a single life and spends most of his time in the laboratory. He is modest and prudent, kind and loyal to others. He refused to be flattered by others and refused to publish his photos and portraits in the newspaper. Long-term intense work made him break down from constant overwork, but he was still obsessed with the research of new explosives when his life was dying. 1896 10 February 10, the great scientist, inventor and experimenter died of a heart attack.
Nobel is a veritable billionaire, and his wealth has accumulated to 3 billion Swedish dollars. But he is very different from many rich people. He has always despised money and property. When his mother died, he donated all her legacy to charity, leaving only a photo of her as a permanent memorial. He said: "Money is enough as long as it can solve a person's life. If there are too many, it will become a scourge to curb talents. For people with children, parents only need to leave them education expenses. It is wrong to give them extra property besides education expenses, that is, to encourage laziness, which will prevent the next generation from developing their independent living ability and intelligence. "
Based on this idea, regardless of the dissuasion and opposition of others, Nobel designated all his property as a fund in his will, and distributed his interest as a bonus every year to those who made contributions to mankind in the previous year. The prize money is divided into five parts: physics, chemistry, biology or medicine, literature and supporting the cause of peace. In memory of this great inventor, the Nobel Prize will be awarded every year from the day he died 190 1, that is, 65438+February 10.
The Nobel Prize not only shows the great personality of this scientist, but also becomes the symbol of the world science and technology champion with the rapid development of world science and technology. Encourage more and more elite heroes to devote themselves to science and overcome scientific difficulties. At the same time, it has greatly promoted the development of world science and technology and the exchange of world science and culture.