1. Proper protein intake;
2. Take in enough calories
3. Pay attention to controlling the intake of water and salt (sodium);
4. Avoid foods high in potassium and phosphorus.
1. Intake high-quality protein
Patients with renal failure need to limit their protein intake to reduce the burden on the kidneys. However, if they eat too much, they will consume the body's energy. Muscle and visceral tissue, so you must eat correct and sufficient "quantity" and "quality" of protein. The amount should be 1 to 1.2 grams per kilogram of body weight per day. Ingest high-quality animal protein foods with high physiological value, such as: fresh milk, eggs Categories, meat. Because the utilization rate of plant-based protein in the body is low and more nitrogen-containing waste is produced after metabolism, it cannot be eaten arbitrarily, such as: beans (red beans, mung beans, edamame, broad beans, edamame, pea kernels), bean products ( Tofu, dried tofu, soy milk), gluten products (gluten, sausage, grilled bran), stone fruits (melon seeds, peanuts, walnuts, cashews, millet seeds), etc. For vegetarians, soy products and cereals do not contain enough essential amino acids. In order to improve protein utilization for vegetarians, these foods must be eaten together to achieve complementary effects. It is best to switch to lacto-ovo-vegetarian. Protein is measured according to quantitative intake standards.
2. Take in enough calories
When limiting protein intake, in order to avoid insufficient calorie intake, which will increase the production of nitrogenous waste, you can eat more foods that are high in calories and very low in protein. food to supplement. Vegetable oil (such as soybean, peanut oil), low-protein starch (such as starch powder, white starch, lotus root starch,) and sugar (such as: rock sugar, honey, ginger sugar, fruit candy) to make a variety of delicious snacks, the calories The intake should be 30 to 40 calories per kilogram of body weight per day to avoid excessive weight loss.
3. Be careful about water control
When the kidneys fail and urination decreases, water will accumulate in the body, increasing the load on the cardiovascular system, leading to loss of vitality, general edema, and Weight gain, coughing, shortness of breath when lying down, decreased hematocrit (Hct), and complications such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and pericarditis. In addition, due to excessive dehydration during dialysis, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps are prone to occur. Imbalance syndrome. Daily weight gain is limited to no more than one kilogram, and water intake is the total urine output of the previous day plus 500 to 700 milliliters (ml). If the urine output the day before was 500ml, then 500cC + 500 (7D0) ml = 1000 ~ 1200ml, which is the amount of water you can drink throughout the day, including boiled water, porridge, milk, soup and drinks. Avoid drinking a lot of water. You can rinse your mouth with ice water, chew gum or squeeze a little lemon juice to reduce the feeling of thirst. Try to focus on taking medicine with soup and drink less water.
4. Pay attention to salt control
During kidney failure, water and salt cannot be excreted, which can easily cause edema and aggravate high blood pressure. Patients should not consume more than 5 grams of salt a day. 1 gram (1/5 tea soup) salt = 6/5 tea soup soy sauce = 1 tea soup MSG, so the above seasonings contain salt and do not add them at will; you can use sugar, green onions, ginger, garlic, etc. to enhance the taste. Patients should also limit their intake of high-sodium foods, such as processed cans, pickled and smoked products, sauces, kimchi, pickles and fast food. If you have a poor appetite, you don’t need to limit your sodium intake. Just make sure you eat nutritiously. Wait until your appetite improves and you have enough nutrition before you limit your sodium intake.
5. Beware of excessive potassium ions
Because potassium ions cannot be excreted by severely damaged kidneys, it will cause "hyperkalemia", which may cause numbness in the fingers, fatigue, and weakness in the limbs. , chest tightness, stiff tongue, difficulty speaking, loss of consciousness, arrhythmia or cardiac arrest in severe cases.
The causes of hyperkalemia include: 1. Insufficient dialysis; 2. Loss of appetite; 3. Constipation; 4. Ingestion of high-potassium foods and high-potassium vegetables. You can first peel and cut into small pieces, and apply a large amount Boil in clean water for 3 to 5 minutes, then stir-fry or stir-fry in oil; coffee, tea, chicken essence and Chinese medicinal juices contain high potassium, which can cause hyperkalemia.
High potassium vegetables: green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, water spinach, amaranth, lettuce), mushrooms, seaweed, kelp, carrots, potatoes.
High-potassium fruits: bananas, tomatoes, dates, oranges, willow dices, mangoes, persimmons, cantaloupes, grapefruits, star fruit (easy to burp). It is recommended to mainly eat one kind of fruit at a time, with a serving size of about 1 /6 is appropriate.
Low-potassium fruits: pineapple, papaya, watermelon, pear, strawberry, lemon, etc., but it is not advisable to eat large amounts.
6. Maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorus
Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in the body. They can maintain the good growth of bones and teeth and enable the normal functioning of nerves and muscles. When calcium is insufficient, you must eat more milk, calcium tablets and vitamin D, which can also reduce the occurrence of subsequent hyperparathyroidism. Phosphorus is commonly found in all protein-containing foods. If you want to have adequate nutritional intake and reduce the absorption of phosphorus in the body, please chew it while eating and take phosphorus binders such as aluminum hydroxide and calcium carbonate to bind the food. of phosphorus. Pay attention to high-phosphorus foods: whole-wheat cereals and products (such as brown rice, germ rice, whole-wheat bread), offal (liver, kidney, brain), stone fruits (peanuts, cashews, walnuts) and butter products (peanut butter), chocolate, Intake of egg yolks, milk, dairy products, etc.
7. Eat less foods containing “aluminum and purine” to avoid aluminum poisoning and gout.
High-aluminum diet: 1. Tea; 2. Cheese; 3. Making tea; 4. Making cakes; 5. Cooking in aluminum containers.
High purine diet: 1. Gravy; 2. Lentils; 3. Thick broth; 4. Lean meat, duck meat; 5. Brains; 6. Mushrooms; 7. Offal (liver, kidney, Heart); 8. Sardines; 9. Eel; 10. Asparagus. 11. Chronic nephritis; diet; health care