Social demand of mineral products in Song Dynasty

I. Social factors of gold and silver mining development In ancient China society, gold, as a symbol of money and wealth, was once brilliant in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it fell into a trough and did not flourish again until the Song Dynasty. The mining of silver mines was rarely recorded in the previous generations of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, it has expanded from parts of Lingnan and Jiangxi. In the past, the development of silver mines also showed a prosperous scene. Before Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong, the national silver mining was as high as 4,654,380+million yuan a year. Therefore, Wei Yuan of the Qing Dynasty once praised that the prosperity of rice pits smelting and casting actually began in the Song Dynasty. The development of gold and silver industry in Song Dynasty was not only a positive measure taken by the Song government in production and management, but also a promotion of social demand. For these needs, Japanese teacher Kato Fan made a wide and detailed exposition in the book "Gold and Silver Studies in Tang and Song Dynasties", and his academic pioneering has always been praised by later scholars. But there are some requirements that Mr. Kato does not have, which are closely related to the mining and production of gold and silver in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, this section focuses on several gold and silver revenues and social consumption in the central finance of the Song Dynasty. Several gold and silver revenues of central finance in song dynasty. In Song Dynasty, the gold and silver revenue in the central finance generally came from various channels, such as supply and marketing tax, patent monopoly, annual tax on mining and metallurgy, and secondary tax. There are many separate records about various incomes in Song Dynasty, but few comprehensive records. I have only seen a record with both total amount and details, which recorded the gold and silver income of the central government in the late Xining period of Song Shenzong. Edited in Song Dynasty, recorded on the 33rd, 27th and 29th. This record has five sets of gold and silver statues. In the article "A Textual Research on the Mining Time of Shanze in Song Dynasty", I infer that the mining time of Shanze is the statistics of a year between 7 years and 10 in Xining. According to the same reasoning, the gold and silver income figures of the other four groups mentioned above should also be calculated in the same period. Therefore, I limit my reflection time to the late Xining period. In addition, these five groups of gold and silver are also collected in the Supplement to the Compilation of History of Song Dynasty, but the words are slightly different: the tax rent income is the taxpayer, and the total tax revenue is the total annual income, and some figures are slightly different. Four of the five groups of income have clear sources of income. Taxation refers to the amount of gold and silver obtained from the taxation of private land and the land rent collection of public land in summer and autumn; Going into the mountains refers to the lessons collected from gold and silver mines every year; The amount of money on each road is the amount of gold and silver in the central money on each road; Income tax refers to the amount of gold and silver obtained by the central government in activities such as tea, salt and wine trade, market transactions and folk transactions. Among them, China's income tax is 1707 1 2, and the income tax is 1 120258, which is an important source of income tax sources. However, the source of a group of total tax revenue is unknown, and the amount of Beijing, various roads and highways is also listed below. Add these amounts together, which is consistent with the total tax revenue. It can be seen that the amount of various roads is listed in a single category here, not the sum of the amount of various roads. In addition, from the meaning of the title, this group of figures should be the sum of the other four types of gold and silver income. However, this set of figures in the original text is neither before nor after. But there is still a big gap between the other four groups of figures and this group of figures. So, what kind of income does the total tax revenue mean? This book has no ability to analyze it. Then, as far as the other four groups are concerned, the annual gold and silver income of the US central government at that time mainly came from domestic multi-channel supply and trading, and the silver income was more than 654.38+0.2 million US dollars each. Then let's do a survey on the changes in the income of these two kinds of gold and silver. 1. the supply of silver in song dynasty and its relationship with its origin

Among the above materials, Tang Taizong, Zhenzong, Zongshen and Duzong in the Northern Song Dynasty recorded the national money. Renzong once recorded all the roads in the south, and the rest were scattered records of one or several roads. According to the documents of the Northern Song Dynasty, during the period of Song Zhenzong, the supply of silver in Shanghai increased greatly for the first time. During the Zongshen period in Song Renzong, the amount of money in South China increased and decreased. The number of Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road and Fujian Road increased, the number of Zhejiang Road decreased, and the number of Jinghu South Road and Jinghu North Road decreased a lot. Therefore, during the period from Song Renzong to Song Shenzong, the growth rate of Shanghai silver supply was not fast. Chen Fuliang once mentioned that the increase of Shanghai's silver supply began in Xining, although this is not an old practice, especially not. Chongning for three years has established a new pattern of money supply and material supply, so it has become heavier. This passage still reflects the actual situation at that time. However, from Song Shenzong to Chongning three years ago, the proportion of silver in the money supplied was not fixed, but still increased from time to time. Song Zhezong {; In April, 2005, when the silver pits in Chu, Taiwan, Wu and Qu began to flourish, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development proposed that all the states * * * should pay together, instead of official money, and cut off the second purchase of silver in Beijing. This suggestion was adopted. After Song Huizong Chongning formulated a new standard for the supply of monetary materials, the money supply increased greatly, the price of money rose and the value of money declined, and the money supply began to become an unbearable burden for the people. For example, Guangnan East Road and Fujian Road, two major silver-producing areas, have been struggling to buy a lot of silver since Chongning. The strength of their people is unbearable. Fujian builds 272,000 roads every year, which is paid by the fifth-class tax households, which is one-third higher than the 202,000 in the second year of Zongshen Xining. This amount continued until three years after Jian Peijun took office, and it was reduced by one third. Another example is Xuanhe six years ago. Every year, all transportation companies spend 402,000 yuan on supply and marketing. This amount is in addition to the annual supply of silver. Generally speaking, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the amount of silver in Shanghai gradually increased, reaching its peak during the Song Huizong period, when the amount of silver collected by Shanghai exceeded people's affordability. Although the records of silver supply in the Southern Song Dynasty are scattered, on the whole, the silver supply in various places is gradually decreasing. For example, Quanzhou pays 22,000 yuan for the other four States; Song Xiaozong, ***24000 two; In Song Ningzong Jiatai for three years, the payment amount of the other four states has been reduced to 15600 Liang; In the thirteenth year of Jiading, only the state paid 5236 Liang. During the Hui Zong period, the amount of silver on Guangdong Road in the Northern Song Dynasty was150,000 Liang. Within three years after the proposal is put forward, it will be reduced by one third to one hundred and two thousand; In Song Xiaozong in Xichun period, except for the unknown supply of Guangzhou silver, the others were1; The state government only pays 34300 Liang; In the later period, 42,887 taels of silver and 0/5 taels of gold were paid to the state government 14, but there were shortages in counties such as Britain, Lian, Shao and Xiong. The same is true of Fujian Road. After three years, it was reduced to Jianye. In the first year of Shaoxing, it was allowed to reduce the amount of Jianzhou and Nanjianzhou. By the late Southern Song Dynasty, the silver supply of Daonian in Fujian was only 687,465,438+0 Liang. Among them, the supply of Jianning government silver is 9754 Liang, which is obviously lower than 2 1606 Liang in the first year of Shaoxing. Nanjian House decreased from 3308 1 in the first year of Shaoxing to 6370, with an even greater decline. In addition, judging from the supply of gold and silver on Kuizhou Road in the first month of Xichun, Song Xiaozong, the supply area of silver in the Southern Song Dynasty may not be as good as that in the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, in Japan

Liao Gang spent six years in the capital of Zheng He, and also mentioned that the supply of silver on Fujian Road was 272,000, of which Nanjian family accounted for a quarter, which is also the reason for the large number of silver shops in this state. When Wu Yong was appointed as the Guangdong transshipment ambassador, he said more clearly: However, the silver market cannot stop. Without this market, silver companies have nothing to buy. In addition to historical records, modern archaeological discoveries have also been confirmed. Wang Xuenong and Zhao mentioned in their articles "Investing in the Province" and "Buying Silver Miscellaneous Articles" that a silver collar was found in Lulong, eastern Hebei, and its characteristics were the same as those unearthed in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are three lines and 21 words engraved on the front of this silver collar: I bought it from Yuanzhun Farm in Lianzhou for two years/five ounces of silver/special official Tang Xin, and two lines and seven words engraved on the back: First place/craftsman Liao Chang. Although the establishment time of Lianyuan Fish Farm in Lianzhou is not recorded, the local silver mining has reached a climax during the Tongzhi period in Fuyuan, Song Huizong, and the price of silver is only six or seven hundred articles every two years. The imperial court has bought silver to supplement the supply here for a long time. After the Southern Song Dynasty, paying silver donations gradually became an unbearable burden for Lianzhou. The discovery of the above-mentioned silver collar proves conclusively that some silver mines in the Song Dynasty were responsible for paying silver in addition to the annual fee. Gold mining areas are also obliged to pay membership fees. For example, the Governor of Anfu Department, Guangnan Road, used Qian Xing to set up a gold pit in Yongzhou. And buy 3200 gold for supply every year. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, Song Shenzong ordered 10 to pay tribute, because the gold produced in the pit was very fine. Second, in the Song Dynasty, silver-producing counties were often ordered to replace other areas with no or less silver production. For example, Wu Shunzhi knew that there were many pits in Lianzhou, so he gave Yan the silver supply rate of the neighboring county. After Quanzhou, Fujian Road crossed south, and Taiwan Province, Singapore, Jianchang and Shaowu counties transported 22,200 taels of silver. This situation lasted until the 13th year in Jiading, Song Ningzong. After nnux Express applied for inquiry, the silver paid by the four states was determined by each state, and the silver paid by the whole state was reduced to 5236 taels. In addition, Tingzhou is also the place where Dai Na supplies silver. Because there are pits in the ground, silver goods are easy to get, and sericulture is not suitable, so it is difficult to give clothes. So the court ordered Tingzhou to supply silver 13200 yuan every year, of which Jianchang and Fuzhou supplied 6652 yuan, and Jianchang and Fuzhou allocated it to Tingzhou cotton silk. After the two counties broke their promises, CDB continued to lose money. In Song Xiaozong, it is well known that Jiangpu can play for free, and it can also reduce the amount by 5/6, and only need to pay more than 654.38+000.02 million yuan. Together with the amount of silver supplied by the state, the total amount was 7945.28%, which lasted until the demise of the Song Dynasty. Judging from the above materials, the origin of gold and silver in Song Dynasty actually became one of the important sources for local governments to pay for the supply of gold and silver. Therefore, the prosperity of mining activities has played an important role in the supply of gold and silver.