2. A brief history
"Miscellanies of Xijing" said that the court in Han Dynasty used jade as "nothing", which was held by the emperor's attendants for the convenience of the emperor at any time. This kind of "tiger" is a special appliance called toilet and urinal by later generations, and it is also the predecessor of toilet. It is said that this kind of "nothing" was also invented by great-grandfather Liu Bang with the crown of Confucian scholars as a drowning device.
There is another saying about the invention of "nothing", which is also related to the emperor. According to legend, in the Western Han Dynasty, Li Guang, a flying general, shot and killed a crouching tiger, making people cast a copper drowning device in the shape of a tiger and put it in urine to show their contempt for the tiger. This is the origin of the name "tiger". The Emperor of the Tang Dynasty changed this disrespectful address to "beast" or "girl" because one of his ancestors was called "Li Hu", which was later commonly known as "toilet" and "urinal".
The earliest written record of the toilet was the wooden horse in Return to the Field II by Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was interpreted as a wooden toilet in Ci Yuan. The toilet used by the ancient people in China was a round wooden barrel with a lid, which was coated with tung oil or fine waterproof vermicelli.
1596, British aristocrat John? Harrington invented the first practical toilet-a wooden seat with a water tank and a flush valve.
1778, British inventor Joseph? Brame improved the design of the toilet, using three ball valves to control the water flow in the water tank and a U-bend.
/kloc-in the 20th century, the British government issued a law stipulating that every household must be equipped with an appropriate sewage treatment system, and toilets began to be greatly improved.
186 1 year, British plumber Thomas? Kleppa invented an advanced water-saving flushing system, and waste discharge began to enter a modern period.
1885, Thomas? Tuweifu won the first patent of all-ceramic toilet in Britain, and dozens of improvement patents have been awarded every year since then.
In Shanghai in the 1930s, at dawn, many people would rub their eyes, carry toilets and walk out of the house in turn. Then, there was a long line in front of the public faucet.
In 1960s, flush toilets became popular in Europe and America, and later spread to Japan, South Korea and other Asian countries.
It was only seen in hotels in Beijing in the early 1980s, and now it is used in pay toilets in Beijing.
3. Anecdotes
3. 1 toilet tactics
According to Liang Tingyi's Notes on Alien Gases and Anonymous Records of Alien Invasion, in the spring of 184 1, Yang Fang was appointed as a counselor and went to Guangzhou with Yishan, the general of Jing Nan, to prevent and suppress the British invaders. Yang Fangyuan was a famous soldier during Jiaqing and Daoguang years in Qing Dynasty. During the suppression of Sichuan Uprising and Henan Chu Uprising, he rose from general manager to magistrate. When I first arrived in Guangdong, people "cheered everywhere and officials leaned on the Great Wall". I don't want him to suddenly declare after entering Guangzhou: I am on the ground, lying on the sea, and it is stormy. However, guns can often hit me, but my guns can't hit foreigners. It is certain that foreigners have witchcraft. So Jiabao was ordered to collect a large number of toilets used by women, put them on a raft, and sent a deputy commander to lead them and ambush them on the shore. It was agreed that when the invading army attacked, a cannon shot, all the rafts lined up, and the toilets pointed at the enemy together, and he outflanked himself. After the order was given, Garbo certainly followed suit, and the lieutenant obeyed. The result can of course be imagined.
3.2 Overview of toilet
Wang Huaiqing in Beiyang Army, from 1905 at the time of reunification to 1924 who retired with the downfall of the direct warlord, served as the commander-in-chief of the Beijing garrison for a long time, and was called "the toilet general". No matter where you are, you can do it without a gun or a toilet. A red bronze toilet with the word "Wang" written on it has always been around. Behind the desk is not a chair, but a toilet. The office is made on the toilet. There must be a group of people carrying toilets when fighting and marching. As long as you see the huge bright toilet, people will know whose team this is. When attacking the mountain, his soldiers rushed up. He sat on the toilet with the word "Wang" written on it to supervise the war. The scenery is so good.
$330 million toilet plan
New York State Environmental Protection Bureau (DEP) implemented preferential policies for toilets, starting from 1994. The budget of this grand plan is $295 million. The preferential amount is $654.38 +0.5 million. It is planned to replace 654.38+0/3 inefficient toilets in the city with water-saving toilets. The latter needs more than 20 liters of water per flush, while the former only needs 6 liters of water. DEP hopes to achieve most of the water-saving goals through the implementation of this plan. About 20,000 applications were received three days before the program started. By the time 1997 was completed, low-flow toilets had replaced11330,000 inefficient toilets in 100 building. Therefore, the water consumption of each building is reduced by 29% every year, and DEP estimates that the city saves 270,000 ~ 340,000 cubic meters of water every day.
use
(1) flushing
If the toilet lid is opened when flushing, the instantaneous cyclone in the toilet can carry germs or microorganisms up to 6 meters in the air and suspend them in the air for several hours, and then land on the wall, toothbrush, mouthwash cup and towel.
Dr Philip Terno of new york University pointed out that if the toilet lid is opened when flushing, the instantaneous cyclone in the toilet can take germs or microorganisms up to 6 meters in the air, suspend them in the air for several hours, and then land on walls and objects. At present, most families go to the toilet, wash and shower in the bathroom. Toothbrush, mouthwash cup, towel and toilet are in the same room, so they are naturally susceptible to bacterial contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the habit of covering the toilet lid when flushing.
(2) The bacteria in the toilet seat should be cleaned.
Professor Yu Qingfu from the School of Public Health of Fudan University pointed out that 32% of toilets were found to have Shigella sonnei, one of which survived on the toilet seat for 17 days. Another experimental report also pointed out that 654.38 billion polio viruses were thrown into the toilet, and 3,000 viruses spilled on the toilet seat. At the same time, many people like to put a flannel pad on the toilet in winter, which makes it easier to absorb, retain and excrete pollutants and spread diseases more easily.
The place with such serious pollution is the place with the closest contact with human skin, which needs to be cleaned emphatically and wiped with diluted household disinfectant every one or two days. As for the cloth gasket, it is best not to use it. If you must use it, you should always clean and disinfect it. If you have the conditions, you might as well change to a toilet with antibacterial function and splash-proof design.
(3) Clean up the dirt in the toilet in time.
Toilets are easily polluted by urine stains, feces and other dirt. If you find that there are still traces after flushing, you must clean it with a toilet brush in time, otherwise it will easily form macular spots and breed mold and bacteria. In addition to being close to the nozzle, the water outlet at the inner edge of the toilet and the outer side of the base are places where dirt is hidden. When cleaning, first lift the toilet seat and spray it with toilet cleaner. After a few minutes, brush it thoroughly with a toilet brush, preferably with a fine brush, so as to better clean the depth of the inner edge of the toilet and the nozzle. Then scrub the base and other gaps.
(4) Try not to set a wastebasket near the toilet.
At ordinary times, you can also put a gradually dissolving automatic toilet cleaner in the water tank or hang a wall-mounted disinfection plug, so as to achieve the effects of cleaning, descaling, disinfection and sterilization by flushing each time.
Most families will set a wastebasket next to the toilet to store used toilet paper, but this will cause bacteria to spread with the air, because few people can clean it at any time, at least for a day or two, and the longer it takes, the more bacteria there will be.
Toilet paper should be thrown into the toilet and washed away. As long as it is not too thick and tough, toilet paper can generally soften quickly in water, so don't worry about clogging. When necessary, just prepare a sanitary bag, there is no need to set up a waste paper basket. If you must use it, you should also choose a cover to prevent the spread of bacteria and dispose of used toilet paper in time.
(5) The toilet brush should be kept clean and dry.
Toilet brush is the hero to keep the toilet clean, however, if you don't pay attention to cleaning and drying, it will also become a source of pollution. Every time you brush something dirty, you will inevitably get dirty on the brush. It is best to rinse with clean water, drain, spray with disinfectant, or soak with disinfectant regularly and put it in a suitable place.
It is suggested that the toilet brush should be hung up, and it should not be placed in the corner or closed container casually.