William shockley's main achievements

After World War II, Bell Laboratories began to develop a new generation of electron tubes, and shockley was responsible for it. 1at noon two days before Christmas in 947, two colleagues in shockley, Walter Bladen and john bardeen, made a small model with several pieces of gold foil, a piece of semiconductor material and a bent paper rack, which can conduct, amplify and switch current. They called this invention "point contact transistor amplifier".

However, although shockley is the boss of Badin and Braddon, he cannot be automatically listed as the inventor of point contact transistor. There are only two names in the patents and published papers of point contact transistor: Badin and Braden. In this regard, shockley was greatly disappointed, which also stimulated the potential of his invention. 1948 65438+1October 23rd, that is, when the point contact transistor was invented for a whole month, shockley thought of the method of junction transistor. All the functions of the junction transistor are completed inside the semiconductor, which is much more reliable. Junction transistor points out the way for solid-state electrons and becomes a really useful transistor. 1October, 1950, 165438+ shockley published the book "Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors", which was based on a series of speeches in Bell Laboratories, and became a classic work of this major. 195 1 year, he led a research team to develop the first reliable junction transistor, which confirmed shockley's talent as the director of the laboratory. He knows how to find the root of the problem. With his concise style, he can lead the experiment in a new and usually correct direction by language or orally.

Thus, there are transistors in the world. Because of its amplification principle, it can complete the essence of fast computer operation. Transistors have great potential. Unlike electron tubes, they do not need preheating time and will not heat up, burn out, leak or explode. Electron tubes need 1 watt, while transistors only need one millionth watt. Transistors are faster and smaller than electron tubes, laying the foundation for small computers. In the early 1960s, shockley wrote: "The functions that transistors can achieve can also be achieved by electron tubes, but they do not have the same capacity, energy and reliability-although it takes a long time to develop transistors to achieve this reliability."

Transistors will revolutionize the telephone industry, communications and computers. An engineer commented, "Let's predict what the transistor will do, just like asking who can put the wheel on the bull first and predict a car, a watch or a high-speed generator."

Using the mobility of electrons, like a vacuum test tube, combined with the special characteristics of silicon, transistors amplify and exchange signals. The size of the equipment becomes smaller and the reliability increases. Hearing AIDS, radios, record players, computers, switching devices, satellites and lunar rockets have all made new breakthroughs because of the application of transistors. Transistor, which means transmission resistance, is a temporary name given by the inventor, but it has continued to this day. These semiconductors, such as triodes, control the current between the two terminals by applying a voltage to the third terminal. The bulky relay used to exchange telephones was replaced by transistors. Like the first telephone, the first transistor looked rough.