It should be noted that because it is the first time to study the comprehensive competitiveness of cities through comparative analysis, there are deficiencies and defects in the research on comparative methods, contents, systems, means and index system settings. Although our comparative analysis is conducted with a scientific and serious attitude, the results of its comparative analysis are for reference only. According to the comparative index system of urban comprehensive competitiveness, through the model processing and comparison of social and economic development index data of ten cities, the comprehensive competitiveness of each city is ranked as follows: (1) The cities with strong comprehensive competitiveness in China are mainly Shanghai, Shenzhen, Beijing and Guangzhou. Three of these four cities are megacities in China. The main characteristics of these cities are large economic aggregate, high economic quality, social and economic development level and urban stock market environment leading the country. As a medium-sized city with a high degree of modernization, Shenzhen's social and economic development level and growth potential are basically equal to or even higher than those of the top three cities. However, due to objective geographical reasons, there is a big gap in some total indicators in Shenzhen, which restricts the further development of Shenzhen's comprehensive competitiveness and urban economic agglomeration and diffusion function.
(2) Cities with strong comprehensive competitiveness have relatively coordinated and complete social and economic systems and structures, especially the indicators of total quantity, quality and flow, and can get high marks without obvious defects and deficiencies. In addition, Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Guangzhou are in the forefront of almost all secondary and tertiary indicators, so they are naturally in the forefront in the overall ranking and evaluation of comprehensive competitiveness. This also fully shows that improving the city's comprehensive competitiveness requires the all-round development of the city's social economy, and the total amount, quality and flow must be balanced, coordinated, promoted and improved together as a whole.
(3) In the analysis and comparison, we feel that with the rapid development of social economy, other cities also have strong comprehensive competitiveness, especially Wuhan, Suzhou, Tianjin, Xi and other cities, which have outstanding competitive advantages in some indicators. But generally speaking, there are still some shortcomings in the comprehensive competitiveness of these cities, especially in the coordinated development of total volume, quality and flow, that is, there are still obvious defects in some social and economic fields and indicators, and the overall social and economic coordination of the cities is not very mature and perfect. Different from Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, all social and economic sectors and fields are relatively developed, well coordinated with each other and the city's comprehensive competitiveness is very strong.
(4) Through analysis and comparison, some western cities obviously lag behind megacities and eastern coastal cities in the level of social and economic development, especially in some important development indicators, resulting in their relatively weak comprehensive competitiveness. Although these cities have developed rapidly through reform and opening up on the whole, some indicators reflect that they have encountered great difficulties in the development process. For example, in Chongqing, the contribution rate of the tertiary industry to GDP reached 85.85% from 65438 to 0999. Is the tertiary industry in Chongqing so developed? Through analysis, we find that 1999 has increased the GDP of Chongqing by about 5 billion yuan compared with 1998. However, due to the negative growth of the primary industry in 1999 and the slow growth of the secondary industry in Chongqing, the GDP growth in 1999 only increased by several hundred million, so the GDP growth of Chongqing in that year mainly depended on the tertiary industry. This is a helpless high contribution rate of the tertiary industry, behind which is the stagnation of the development of the primary industry and the secondary industry.
Comparative analysis and evaluation of various classification indexes of comprehensive competitiveness
Through comparative analysis, the cities with the highest comprehensive competitiveness have obvious advantages in the first and second categories of indicators. (1) ranking, analysis and evaluation of total index
Among the secondary indicators of total indicators, Shanghai ranks first in economic strength and government strength, second in financial strength and fifth in scientific and technological strength. Judging from the third-level indicators, Shanghai ranks first in terms of total GDP, total investment in fixed assets, total retail sales of social goods, total insurance premiums and fiscal revenue, but the indicators of scientific and technological strength are obviously not prominent, such as the number of patent applications per 654.38 million people and the number of scientific and technological personnel.
Beijing ranks first in financial strength and scientific and technological strength, and second in economic strength and government strength. Judging from the third-level indicators, Beijing leads in domestic investment rate, residents' savings deposits, R&D investment and technology market turnover.
Shenzhen ranks second in scientific and technological strength, and fourth in economic strength, financial strength and government strength. On the third-level indicators, Shenzhen leads in per capita GDP, especially in scientific and technological strength, and is far ahead in the number of patent applications, the number of scientific and technological personnel and the per capita education funds.
Guangzhou ranks third in economic strength, financial strength and government strength, and fourth in scientific and technological strength. In terms of third-level indicators, Guangzhou ranks 3-4, neither leading nor lagging behind, at the middle and upper reaches level. Other cities are not outstanding in total. Wuhan and Xi 'an rank first and second in terms of the number of college students per 10,000 people. By comparison, it can be found that the overall level of cities is very different. For example, Shanghai's GDP is nearly twice that of Beijing, which ranks second, and 6.57 times that of Xi, which ranks last.
(2) ranking, analysis and evaluation of quality indicators
Among the secondary classification indicators of quality indicators, Shanghai ranks first in urban service facilities, second in economic benefits, third in industrial structure, fourth in development level and sixth in social environment. Judging from the three indicators, Shanghai ranks first in terms of comprehensive productivity, water supply, total power supply, average life expectancy and industrial wastewater discharge compliance rate. At the same time, while the contribution rate of the tertiary industry to GDP is increasing and the secondary industry is in a benign development track, Shanghai's contribution rate of the secondary industry to GDP ranks the lowest among the ten cities, which reflects that Shanghai's urban economy is changing from an industrial processing city in the traditional planned economy era to a science, technology, service and trade city.
However, we also see that Shanghai lags behind in terms of the proportion of output value of new technology products to total industrial output value, investment effect coefficient, per capita public green space and air quality.
Shenzhen ranks first in industrial structure and social environment, second in development level and urban service facilities, and third in economic benefits. In terms of the third-level indicators, Shenzhen leads in the ten-year average growth rate of GDP, the number of scientific and technological achievements, the proportion of added value of financial industry to GDP, the proportion of added value of transportation, warehousing, post and telecommunications industry to GDP, and air quality indicators, especially the per capita living area and per capita green space. However, Shenzhen ranks lower in the development of tertiary industry and medical and health indicators. Guangzhou ranks second in social environment and industrial structure, third in urban service facilities, fifth in economic benefits and sixth in development level. From the analysis of specific indicators, Guangzhou ranks first in terms of the proportion of added value of social services to GDP, the proportion of added value of wholesale and retail trade and catering industry to GDP, and the number of medical staff per 1800 people, but ranks lowest in terms of air quality indicators. Beijing ranks third in terms of development level and social and environmental projects, fourth in terms of urban service facilities, fifth in terms of industrial structure and seventh in terms of economic benefits. Judging from the three indicators, the proportion of the added value of the tertiary industry in GDP and the number of hospital beds per 10,000 people in Beijing rank first. At the same time, Beijing scored well in terms of total power supply, per capita green space, and the proportion of output value of high-tech products to total industrial output value. However, the unemployment rate and investment effect coefficient are poor, and Beijing's ten-year average GDP growth index is at the bottom.
The outstanding indicators of other cities in terms of quality are: Harbin has the lowest unemployment rate and ranks second in air quality indicators; Wuhan's output value of high-tech products accounts for the proportion of total industrial output value, ranking first; Suzhou ranks first in investment effect coefficient; Xi R&D investment accounts for the leading proportion of GDP.
(3) Sorting, analysis and evaluation of flow indicators
Among the secondary classification indicators of traffic indicators, Shanghai ranks first in capital flow, second in information flow, third in population flow and fifth in physical logistics. Judging from three indicators. Shanghai is far ahead in terms of stock market transaction volume, total foreign direct investment to local areas, growth rate of foreign direct investment to local areas, annual cargo transportation volume, annual container transportation volume, entrepot trade volume and other indicators, but it is obviously behind in terms of annual passenger traffic volume, ranking ninth.
Shenzhen has the first information flow, the second material flow and capital flow, and the fourth population flow. In terms of specific projects, Shenzhen is obviously ahead in the per capita post and telecommunications business reflecting the level of social and economic modernization in Shenzhen, and is in the forefront in terms of mobile phone penetration rate, number of computers per 100 people, total import and export volume, and trading volume in the stock market. But the total amount of foreign direct investment in the local area is still relatively small.
Guangzhou ranks first in physical flow, second in population flow, third in capital flow and fifth in information flow. Guangzhou's outstanding projects in terms of traffic indicators are: the total import and export volume and the number of overseas tourists are leading, and the total foreign direct investment, foreign investment growth rate, annual passenger traffic, annual container volume and mobile phone penetration rate are also in the forefront.
Beijing's population flow ranks first, physical flow ranks third, information flow ranks fourth and capital flow ranks eighth. Beijing's outstanding indicators are: the total import and export trade, domestic tourism, international tourism revenue, and residential telephone penetration rate are far ahead; However, the growth rate of foreign direct investment in the local area has dropped significantly, and the decline rate is relatively large, which makes Beijing rank lower in the capital flow direction.
The outstanding indicators of other cities are as follows: Chongqing's annual passenger traffic is far ahead, more than double that of Guangzhou, the second place, which also reflects the characteristics of Chongqing as a populous metropolis; At the same time, Chongqing is also obviously ahead in the index of book publishing volume. Suzhou's economic extroversion is also relatively high, and the total import and export accounts for the second place in GDP.
Another important phenomenon is that the total amount of post and telecommunications business and the total amount of imports and exports clearly show the degree of development of the city. From the per capita postal service index, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing rank in the top four, while western cities such as Chongqing and Xi 'an rank last, with a considerable gap. The per capita postal service in Shenzhen is nearly 6 1 times that in Chongqing. Judging from the total import and export volume, Beishangguangshen ranks in the top four, while Chongqing and Xi 'an are at the bottom. The total import and export volume of Beijing is more than 57 times that of Chongqing and 40 times that of Xi.