Why did Qin Shihuang "cross the river to attack"?

Fan Ju: Distant friends and close attacks, Fan Ju dominates the world. He was a model and uncle, and Ren Wei was in the Warring States period. He was born in a poor family in his early years. Although he is very proficient, he has no money to support himself. I had to temporarily take refuge in Wei's doctor's door. Qi Ting tried the knife for the first time. On one occasion, he had to be ordered by Wang Wei Jia Feng to treat Tong Qi, and Fan Ju was sent as an attendant. At that time, when Wang Xiang ascended the throne, Qi became more and more powerful. Because Wei joined the five-nation coalition led by Le Yi, the general of Yan State, and attacked Qi State, forcing the king of Qi to death. Wang Wei was afraid of Qi's revenge, so he asked to ease the tension between the two countries. Who knows that JOE is a weak man, who was speechless under the severe questioning of the King of Qi. At this critical moment, Fan Ju stepped forward. It is solemnly pointed out that Qi is arrogant and greedy, and the five countries hate each other. Is Wei the only country? Today, the great king is brave and powerful, so he should consider reviving Wei Huan. If he haggles over the grievances of Qi Jin, he will know who is responsible and never know his friends. I'm afraid I'll make the same mistake as the King of Qi. After the words, the anger of the king of Qi subsided. I appreciated Fan Ju's talent and gave him ten catties of gold and wine. Fan Ju reported the matter to JOE, who ordered him to return the gold, leaving only the wine. I don't know if Jia is narrow-minded and jealous of talent. After returning home, he falsely accused him of "telling the truth of Wei." Qi Wei was so angry that he ordered Fan Ju to be beaten to pieces, and put him in the toilet for the guests to pee on. The dying Fan Ju was insulted, but he didn't want to die like this. He bribed the guard and lied that he was dead and escaped from hell. Hide one's name in private, alias Zhang Lu. In 27 1 year BC, the king of Qin sent Wang Ji to Wei, and his close friends took the opportunity to recommend him. After a long talk all night, Wang Ji thought he was a rare talent and took him back to Qin. On the way back to Qin, there was another episode, which turned the situation around and fully reflected Fan Ju's foresight. When the horses and chariots went to the Qinhu Lake, they met head-on and were waiting. Zhao Haoqi's uncle Wei Ran has been relying on his sister's position to control state affairs for decades. This man hates recruiting vassals and is afraid of threatening his power. Although Fan Ju is a civilian, he is very concerned about the situation in various countries, and he also knows something about Mao Hou. Therefore, when he saw Wei Ran riding in the distance, he hid in a box to avoid disaster. After a while, I waited for the horse to arrive. After a brief greeting, I looked in the car, then at the attendants, and then said to Ji Wang, "You didn't bring the guests of the princes this time, did you? These people make the audience by mouth, just for their own wealth, all useless waste! " Wang Ji quickly echoed and said, "What the Prime Minister said is absolutely right." I didn't find anything suspicious and left. There was a false alarm. Wang Ji was about to hit the road when Fan Ju came out of the back compartment and said, "I was expecting this man to be suspicious, but it was too late. I was obviously suspicious just now. Although there was no immediate search. I will regret it soon, and I will regret it again. I'd better avoid it again. " Say that finish, get off and walk along the path. Sure enough, as Fan Ju expected, more than 20 riders galloped in, claiming that they had been searched by the Prime Minister, and no foreigners were found in the car, so they turned and roared off. After this change, Wang Ji admired Fan Ju and sighed: "Mr. Zhang is really a smart man. I am not as good as him!" Fan Ju, who is closely related to Zhao Haoqi of Qin State, has not had a chance to meet Zhao Haoqi of Qin State for more than a year. In the first 270 years, at the insistence of the Prime Minister, the State of Qin crossed Korea and Wei and attacked the state of Qi's Gang and Shou. Since Qin ascended the throne, Mao Hou, Hua Yangjun, Jingyangjun and high clan nobles have been formed with Empress Xuan as the center. They monopolized patents, and their private wealth even surpassed that of the royal family, which made Zhao Haoqi suffer like a thorn in his back. Fan Ju seized this opportunity, based on the analysis and judgment of Wang Zhao's inner world, wrote a letter to Wang Zhao, stabbing the autocratic power of the imperial clan, firmly grasping Wang Zhao's heart disease, and at the same time vowed that he had a good plan to govern the country, which forced the king of Qin to summon him. Fan Ju struggled hard and finally knocked on the door of success. Fan Ju is very familiar with the art of language. He captured the psychology that most politicians like to listen to compliments. In the dialogue with Qin, he first started his own analysis from the advantages of Qin. It is believed that the state of Qin is "blocked on all sides, and if it is favorable, it will attack, and if it is unfavorable, it will defend." Excellent geographical conditions. After the political reform, the state of Qin won "the courage of the Qin army and the number of riders, claiming the hegemony of the king." Sure enough, Zhao Haoqi's face lit up, easing the atmosphere of the conversation. Then, Fan Ju criticized the current policy of Qin State, which led to "seclusion for fifteen years and dare not spy on Shandong", and attributed all this to the dereliction of duty of the minister. Here, Wang Zhao was cleverly proved innocent. Sure enough, Wang Zhao said sincerely, "I really want to hear it." Fan Ju, considering his new arrival in Qin Ting, dared not talk about foreign affairs to observe the attitude of the king of Qin. He said, "When the husband is waiting for Yue and Wei, he can't attack or defend. Less practice is not enough to hurt Qi, but more practice will hurt Qin. " In order to strengthen the persuasiveness, Fan Ju also quoted the historical fact that the Qi and Jin Dynasties of Chu State in Wang Yuanzheng led to internal emptiness and were attacked by the Han and Wei Dynasties. Here, Fan Ju put forward his own point of view: "A king had better make a distant friend and attack near. If you get an inch, you will be king's inch, and if you get a ruler, you will be king's ruler. " This is the famous strategic thought of "making friends far away and attacking near" in history, which laid the foundation for the Qin Dynasty to annex six countries one by one and finally unify China, and has a far-reaching influence on later generations, adding an important page in the history of China's political and diplomatic thoughts. 2. Fan Ju: Far from home, close to home, dominating the world. Under the guidance of the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", Fan Ju further elaborated the specific measures. He said that at that time, South Korea and Wei were in a pivotal position in the Central Plains. If Qin wanted to dominate, it had to be controlled first, and then Zhao and Chu were brought in, so that Qi would be afraid and would not dare to compete with Qin for a while. In the case that Qin's national strength was so strong that it overwhelmed other countries, such as Wei and Han. Can be eliminated one by one, and finally eliminate Qi and unify the whole country. Zhao Haoqi appreciated Fan Ju's strategic principles and specific layout. So he worshipped him as a guest minister, participated in major state affairs and presided over military affairs. Two years later, it was the thirty-ninth year of Zhao Haoqi (268 BC). At Fan Ju's suggestion, Zhao Haoqi sent five men to attack Wei and pacify Huai. Two years later, he conquered the criminal grave. Under the fierce offensive of Qin, the six countries were greatly frightened and tried to seek a temporary alliance against Qin. Once, counselors from all countries gathered in Handan, Zhao, and planned to unite to attack Qin. Fan Ju knew that once the six countries joined forces, it would be greatly unfavorable to Qin; But at the same time, he also understands that countries have been at war for a long time and have deep grievances, all of which are selfish. The so-called unity is only for self-interest. Fan Ju then sent Tang Ju, a celebrity, to Han with a large amount of property, bribed counselors from all over the country, and provoked their relationship. Finally, he made a series of achievements in innovating the Qin court and cracking down on Hou, which made him increasingly popular and greatly improved his political status in the State of Qin. Fan Ju thought it was time to attack the long-standing internal ills, so he said to Wang Jin in Qin Zhao: "I heard that a monarch who is good at governing the country is to consolidate his prestige at home and attach importance to his power abroad. The envoys sent by Emperor Hong stole the king's authority, gave orders to all countries, formed alliances around the world, and conquered enemy countries. No one doesn't listen. There is a poem that says,' Too much fruit will crush the branches, and breaking the branches will hurt the heart of the tree; A big congress will harm the sovereign state, and respecting the courtiers will make the monarch humble. Now it is said that the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager Qin are in power, with Gao, Hua Yangjun and Jingyang Jun as assistants, and the King of Qin will eventually be abolished. I'm privately worried about the king. A hundred years later, it was not the descendants of the king who ruled the state of Qin. Sure enough, Zhao Haoqi was very scared and said, "Good. So he deposed the Empress Dowager and sent, Gao, Hua Yangjun and Jingyang Jun back one by one. Fan Ju was appointed as the Prime Minister, Yingcheng as the title and Yinghou as the title. Since then, the power of the central government headed by Zhao Haoqi has become more centralized. This is a major change in the history of Qin. Fan Ju's strategy of "consolidating the foundation and pruning the branches" fundamentally promoted the transition from feudal separatism to unification and promoted historical progress. This is Fan Ju's outstanding contribution to Qin's annexation of six countries and unification of China. Fan Li, who alienated Zhao Junchen and promoted the battle of Changping, was not only a politician, but also an outstanding strategist. In the first 260 years, Qin and Zhao were fighting in Changping, although they were brave and good at fighting. However, Lian Po, a veteran of the Zhao army, marched cautiously, built a solid camp, bided his time and held his ground. Qin was very helpless, so he asked, "Lian Po knows a lot, but Qin Junjiang doesn't go to war easily. Qin Jun has a long way to go, and the war has dragged on for a long time, so I will be stuck in the mire. what can I do? At this time also feel the situation is unfavorable, only get rid of Lian Po, there is a turning point. "。 So he planned a "double spy". Fan Ju secretly sent people to sneak into Handan, the capital of Zhao State, and bribed Zhao's cronies with a large sum of money, saying, "Lian Po is old and timid, and he has been defeated in many wars. Now he is afraid to go to war, but he is forced by Qin Jun and will soon surrender. Qin Jun was most afraid of Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao's general Zhao She. He is young and proficient in the art of war. If he were a general, he would be unstoppable. Hearing this, the prince of Zhao was partial to faith. He hastened to worship Zhao Kuo as a general and took the book to Changping instead of Lian Po. Although Zhao Kuo is a famous soldier, he is also proficient in the art of war, but he is only an armchair strategist. Before he died, Zhao She wrote to the prince of Zhao not to let his son be the Lord, but the prince of Zhao didn't listen. At the same time, Qin secretly sent a famous soldier, Bai Qi, to try to win by surprise. There was a confrontation, and I pretended to fail in vain. Zhao Kuo was overjoyed and chased after him. As a result, he was surrounded by Qin Jun and trapped. Zhao Kuo was besieged for 46 days, with no food and grass, and soldiers killed each other. Zhao failed to break through several times, and Zhao Kuo was killed by an arrow. Qin Jun won a total victory and killed 400,000 Zhao soldiers. " This is the famous battle of Changping in history. Since then, Zhao, who dominated the north, has been devastated and embarked on the road of decline. After the war, Qin became stronger and ruled the world. In his later years, Fan Ju made great contributions to the reunification of Qin. "No one is perfect without gold." . Due to his bumpy experience and personal character, Fan Ju also exposed some shortcomings. For example, the revenge on JOE and Wei Qi after serving as a very important minister reflects his revenge character, which is related to the innocent persecution he suffered in his early years. The envy of killing is pure envy of talents, which led to a series of military failures of Qin in the late ruling period. At this time, Ze came to the State of Qin. This man is ugly and penniless, but he has outstanding talent, especially eloquence. Just as Fan Ju excited Zhao Haoqi, Cai Ze used the method of stimulating him to meet Fan Ju. He cited the experiences of three famous prime ministers as examples, namely Shang Yang of Qin State, Wu Qi of Chu State and Wen Yue. "Three people are exhausted. I was killed because of my achievements, which is very sad. Today, the virtue of the King of Qin can't be too great for Qin Xiaogong, the King of Chu and the King of Yue Gou Jian. Your achievements are not as good as those of Shang Yang, Wu Qi and Wen Zi. However, your position is too prosperous, and your private wealth is far more than two or three sons. If you don't retreat from the torrent, you will be killed by the third son, and disaster is inevitable. " Every word of Cai Ze touched Fan Ju's heart. Thinking of the recent fall from grace with the king of Qin, Fan Ju was on pins and needles, walking on thin ice. After all, Fan Ju is a smart man, and it's time to retire. So he met the king of Qin, praised Cai Ze's ability,' I'm not as good as you', and recommended his generation. In fifty-two years, he died of illness, and soon, Khan finally got a fief. Fan Ju entered Qin for more than ten years, which promoted the historical development of Qin. Although his political character is inevitably flawed, he is still a famous figure in the history of Qin State. As a rare strategist in ancient China, he put forward the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near", which added luster to the diplomatic treasure house of the Chinese nation.