1. A relatively complete scientific research and technology development system has been formed, and the overall level of scientific and technological development ranks among the top in developing countries. D) The total expenditure was 89.6 billion yuan, accounting for 1.% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that year, ranking first among developing countries. In R&; D basic research accounts for 5.2% of the total expenditure; Applied research accounts for 17.%; Experimental development accounted for 77.8%, of which all kinds of enterprise expenditures accounted for domestic R&: 6.3% of the total expenditure of D funds is close to the level of developed countries, indicating that enterprises have gradually become R&: D main body of activities.
At present, 217 national key laboratories (including 6 national defense science and technology key laboratories), 188 national engineering centers and 294 national enterprise technology centers have been established; There are 44,536 scientific and technological papers in China collected by international authoritative retrieval institutions, and 92,11 patents granted by local residents, including 3,97 invention patents. In 2, the export value of high-tech products was 24.7 billion US dollars. The total income of technology, industry and trade in 53 state-level high-tech development zones is 677.48 billion yuan, and the industrial added value is 147.62 billion yuan. < P > 2. Breakthrough progress has been made in the reform of the science and technology system, and the phased goals of the reform of the science and technology system set by the state have been basically achieved. The strategic focus of science and technology work is shifting to the main battlefield of national economic construction, and the scientific and technological strength of enterprises has been further strengthened, and 242 state-level technology development research institutes have basically completed the transformation. The operation of most scientific research institutions is directly oriented to market demand, the pilot project of knowledge innovation has achieved initial results, the reform of university management system has been basically completed, and scientific and technological resources have been optimized; Private scientific and technological enterprises have risen rapidly and the technology market has developed rapidly; The macro-scientific and technological management system has been gradually improved, and a new scientific and technological system adapted to the socialist market economy has taken shape. The construction of national innovation system is being carried out step by step.
3. Achievements have been made in the field of basic scientific research. Significant achievements have been made in human gene sequencing, carbon nanotubes and nano-new materials, research on the Cambrian life explosion, research on micro-electromechanical systems, and drilling in the South China Sea. Emerging interdisciplinary subjects such as surface science, nonlinear science, cognitive science and earth system science have developed rapidly. Scientific drilling project in mainland China, The construction of eight major national scientific projects, such as the large-area multi-target optical fiber spectral astronomical telescope, has created favorable conditions for basic scientific research in China. < P > 4. Breakthroughs have been made in high-tech research and industrialization. Major breakthroughs have been made in manned space technology, launch vehicle and satellite technology. Breakthroughs have been made in two-line hybrid rice, genetically engineered drugs, genetically modified animals and plants, and related gene sequencing, diagnosis and treatment of major diseases. China's overall level of biotechnology is close to that of developed countries. Great achievements such as high-definition TV, Shenwei computer, large-size monocrystalline silicon material and skin stem cell regeneration technology have made China leap into the world's advanced ranks in corresponding fields. The development of national defense science and technology has laid a solid foundation for strengthening national defense strength and promoted the technological progress of national defense industry.
5. Progress has been made in industrial and agricultural science and technology. Only during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, * * * cultivated more than 6 new varieties, and the yield per unit area increased by about 1%. The promotion of rice dry cultivation and water-saving technology, ABT plant regulator and plastic film mulching cultivation in wheat dry land during the whole growth period effectively guaranteed the realization of China's grain yield increase goal.
Several major technological breakthroughs were made in industrial science and technology. The technical level of key industries has been improved. A series of important achievements have been made in the industrialization of digital program-controlled switches, oxygen-coal enhanced ironmaking technology, nickel-hydrogen batteries, amorphous materials, etc. Combined with a series of national major construction projects such as the Three Gorges Project, national economic informationization, integrated circuits and Taishan Nuclear Power Station Phase II, a number of key technologies have been overcome through introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation. He has mastered the design and manufacturing technology of several major complete sets of technical equipment. The popularization and application of a number of major technologies such as computer-aided design (CAD) and computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) have greatly improved the technological innovation ability of enterprises. The implementation of a number of major projects such as innovative drugs, water resources utilization and protection, well-off housing, Xia, Shang and Zhou dating projects, the second phase of China Science and Technology Museum and the construction of a number of popular science facilities, Contributed to the development of social undertakings.
Great achievements in China's scientific and technological development
(1) Background materials
1. Great achievements have been made in human genetic research
(1) On December 1, 1999, a research team composed of scientists from Britain, the United States, Japan and other countries announced that the first pair of human chromosome genetic codes had been translated. This is another major breakthrough in the field of human science. The Human Genome Project is one of the three major scientific projects in human history, which are equally famous as the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project and the Apollo Moon Landing Project, but its value and impact on human society will far exceed the first two projects. < P > (2) On June 26th, 2, the first genome sketch in human history was finally drawn. Chinese scientists participated in and completed 1% of the sequencing task of sketching the human genome with high quality, which shows that China scientists have the ability to rise to the forefront of international science and make important contributions.
(3) On February 12th, 2, scientists from six countries participating in the Human Genome Project jointly published the human genome map and its analysis results, and the completed map of the human genome will be drawn this year. Decode all the genetic information of human beings. The implementation of this plan will continue to provide the diagnosis and prevention of human diseases, bring immeasurable changes to the pharmaceutical industry, and promote the development of life science, information science and a number of high-tech industries. < P > 2. Aerospace technology has developed rapidly < P > (1) On December 21, 2, the second Beidou navigation test satellite developed by China was successfully launched. Together with the first Beidou navigation test satellite launched on October 31, 2, it constitutes the Beidou navigation system, which indicates that China will have the first-generation satellite navigation and positioning system independently developed. After completion, this system will mainly provide navigation services for road traffic, railway transportation, offshore operations and other fields, which will play a positive role in China's national economic construction.
(2) On January 1, 21, China's self-developed Shenzhou II was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and successfully entered the scheduled orbit. On January 16th, the Shenzhou II unmanned spacecraft returned accurately and landed successfully. This was the first launch of China Aerospace in the new century and the second flight test of China's manned spaceflight project. It marks an important step for China to realize manned flight. < P > 3. It has made great achievements in the field of nanotechnology. < P > Chinese scientists are at the forefront of international science and technology in nanotechnology research. Recently, Chinese scientists directly discovered the "strange" performance of nano-metal-superplastic ductility for the first time in the world, and nano-copper can stretch more than 5 times at room temperature without breaking, which is called "a breakthrough in this field" It shows people for the first time how void-free nanomaterials are deformed ".Overall, the total number of nano-papers in China ranks fourth in the world at present, and it has occupied a place in the research of nano-materials in the world. < P > 4. Supercomputer intelligence < P > On November 29th, 2, China independently developed the first humanoid robot with human appearance characteristics, which can simulate human walking and basic operation functions. It made its debut at Changsha University of National Defense Technology. The appearance of humanoid robot indicates that China's robot technology has entered the international advanced ranks.
5. The 15th Anniversary Achievement Exhibition of the National "863" Project was held
In March p>21, the 15th Anniversary Achievement Exhibition of the "863" Project was held in Beijing Exhibition Hall. Since the implementation of the "863" Project in March 1986, * *. More than 47, papers have been published, creating a cumulative new output value of more than 56 billion yuan and generating indirect economic benefits of more than 2 billion yuan. The overall distance between the research and development level of high-tech fields supported by the 863 Program and the world advanced level has been significantly reduced, and it has begun to occupy a place in the world high-tech field. More than 6% of the technologies have grown from scratch, and now they have entered or approached the international advanced level, and another 25% still lag behind the international advanced level. However, it has also made great progress on the original basis.
(2) Analysis of the combination with teaching materials
1. From the economic common sense:
(1) Science and technology are the primary productive forces. Nowadays, science and technology play a decisive role in the development of productive forces; In the final analysis, the competition in today's world is the competition between science and technology and talents.
(2) The huge role of finance. Economic development depends on science, scientific progress depends on talents, and talent training depends on education. The development of these institutions must rely on the strong financial support, and a large number of scientific and technological achievements listed in background materials are inseparable from financial support.
(3) The internationalization of the international economy today, Internationalization of scientific and technological development and application is one of the important manifestations. The human genome sketch was an international cooperation plan from the beginning, initiated by the United States, and joined by scientists from Britain, Japan, France, Germany and China. < P > 2. From the philosophical common sense,
(1) The relationship between objective laws and people's subjective initiative. On the one hand, a series of scientific and technological achievements were obtained because scientists respected objective laws. On the other hand, it is the result of their tenacious struggle, forge ahead, and give full play to their subjective initiative.
(2) Everything is divided into two parts, so we should adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy. If the human gene research has made a breakthrough, it will certainly promote the development of life science, information science and a number of high-tech industries. At the same time, people are faced with new problems, such as gene monopoly and excessive use of gene results in pursuit of commercial interests.
(3) Understanding the viewpoint of deepening development. People should deepen and expand their understanding on the basis of practice and push their understanding forward. The research process of human genetic technology and the development of China's space technology and other facts, It is the inevitable result of deepening understanding and development.
3. From the political common sense,
(1) The essence of international competition. The essence of today's world competition is the contest of comprehensive national strength based on economic and scientific and technological strength. Whether we can gain advantages in scientific and technological development and enhance comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology will ultimately determine our country's position in the world.
(2) The function of the state to lead and organize socialist modernization and organize socialism.