The romantic cultural movement that began in Europe at the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century made Gothic and Middle Ages once again attracted the attention of the cultural circles at that time. Romanticism advocated individual liberation, emotion and freedom. It is a reaction to rationalism and materialism in modern western countries. It is the resistance of human nature to industrial civilization. It is anti-traditional and irrational, among which "ugliness" appeared in front of the public for the first time as an aesthetic concept. They create their own art by various means, among which religious, supernatural and medieval themes frequently appear, while Goth, as a metaphysical striking, dark and strange symbol, is endowed with new connotation by romantic art. Among them, the decadent writers Byron, Shelley, Baudelaire and Verlaine are all very interested in the dark side of human beings. Sexual harassment has become another important theme of romantic literature. The desire and sin of betraying morality, the distress and joy after taking action are often pondered by writers and readers. In the field of visual arts, many romantic painters (such as Caspar David Friedrich) are very fond of Gothic themes, and those desolate, bleak and dark scenes emerge in the canvas. Neo-Gothic churches in the field of architecture have once again become fashionable. Among these works of art, Gothic novels should be introduced to everyone. This kind of popular novel was quite fashionable in the 18th century. It depicts a large number of fantastic stories and dark adventure stories, which combine horror, mystery and eroticism. Allen Poe's "crow", Bram Stoker's "Dracula" and Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" are all famous works, especially the vampire culture created by Stoker can be described as enduring and can attract countless followers and fans in today's era. For example, Anne Rice, a contemporary writer, wrote such neo-Gothic novels as "Interview with Vampires at Night". These works greatly exceeded the tolerance of the society at that time, so they were despised by the official cultural circles.
English Renaissance drama inspired later Gothic novels. British drama in this period was deeply influenced by the ancient Roman playwright Lucius Annaeus Seneca, full of revenge, conspiracy, violence and murder, and even haunted by ghosts, so the plot was thrilling. Shakespeare's plays and James I's tragedies, in particular, had a great influence on the appearance and development of Gothic novels.
romanticism: only one step away from darkness and terror
In the ROMANTIC MOVEMENT around 18, medieval culture gradually became a fashion in some people's eyes. Romanticism became the center of this cultural movement. Romanticists want to go beyond the limits of history, some want to go back to the Middle Ages, some seek ideals from religion or mysterious attention, and some writers try to get answers from nature. They achieve their goals in different ways. In the whole romantic movement, Gothic began to be considered to be associated with darkness, strangeness and ghosts. Romantic and Gothic writers like Byron, Shelley, Baudelaire and Verlaine were addicted to the expression of the dark side of human beings. Gothic emotions are also clearly reflected in visual arts, and painters like Caspar David Friedrich show darkness and desolation. In architecture, the neo-Gothic style has gradually become fashionable. Many Gothic novelists emerged in this period, which not only showed the dark side of human beings, but also challenged the orthodox thinking mode of society at that time, and was a mixture of horror and mystery. Typical characters in Gothic novels are vampires, such as Frankenstein of Mary Shelley and Dracula of Brian Stoke. There are descriptions in Edgar Allan's poems. Compared with the past, Stoke's descriptions of vampire incarnations have entered an opposite angle. (Interview with the Vampire by contemporary writer Anne Rice and Lost Souls by Poppy Z. Brite are also the continuation of Stoke's style.)
Medieval art was once considered as a grotesque art, which was the product of foreigners and barbarians. Later, people tried to use this definition to express the art that had nothing to do with the Goths and originated in France in the mid-17th century.
In the late 18th century, the word Goth became the name of a new novel genre. This kind of novel is usually set in castles, ruins or wilderness, and the story often takes place in the past, especially in the Middle Ages. The story is scary and exciting, full of murder, violence, revenge, rape, incest, and even ghosts and spirits or other supernatural phenomena often appear; The atmosphere of the novel is gloomy, mysterious, scary and full of suspense. As a novel genre, Gothic novel came into being in 1764. That year, Horace? Horace Wapole published the famous novel The Castle of Otranto. The novel was an unexpected success, and the second edition was published in less than four months. In this edition, Valpur added the subtitle "A Gothic Story" to the title. Therefore, this novel was named Gothic novel.
For more than 2 years, in Britain and America, not only popular writers are enthusiastic about the creation of Gothic works, but also many first-rate poets and writers, such as Scott in Britain, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Dickens, the Bronte sisters, Connard, Foster, Golding and Brown and Washington in the United States. Irwin, Ellen? Poe, Hawthorne, Mark? Twain, James, Faulkner, O 'Connor, Morrison and others have either directly created well-known Gothic stories or applied the techniques of Gothic novels in their creation, which enabled Gothic novels to enter the center of literature and the mainstream of literary development from the "marginal position" of popular novels, thus gradually forming a very prominent Gothic tradition in British and American literature.
at the level of architectural culture and writing from 18th to 19th century, the so-called "gothic revival" excavated the gloomy mood of the Middle Ages from the historical context. At the same time, some texts since the end of 18th century are classified as Gothic novels, such as Walpole's <: Orento Castle > (The Castle of Otranto), Ann Radcliff's The Mysteries of Udolpho, Lewis's The Monk, and of course Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.
These works are devoted to dealing with cruel passion and supernatural horror themes, while the background of novels is usually set in desolate castles or secluded monasteries, in which the protagonist (usually a young girl/man) is trapped in an irresistible evil sexual/gender, and the abuser (usually a positive one) launches an encounter ending in death ..................................................................................... The extreme erotic climax comes from the moment of disillusionment (that is, the "completion" of the ceremony).
The religious system symbolizing patriarchy and the dark (negative) forces trying to transcend it, in a certain unspeakable level, actually share the pleasure mode of "sexual desire mating and death" in a secret and cool way. In the contemporary horror fiction camp, such as Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles, it reveals the complex interaction between gay lust and paternal mechanism.
most of the above information is taken from the enchanting night/bid/index.htm
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All these make us think that Goth may be as mysterious and sacred as other early ancient religions. I say this to show that Gothic culture has been handed down with the mixture of Christianity and paganism, and has penetrated into religion, just like European cathedrals, so it is not difficult to find it if you feel it with your heart.
Personally, I think that gothic elements are more or less added to horror movies nowadays, which are related to religion and darkness. For example, these movies I have seen, such as Edward Scissorhands, Barber Todd, Night Interview with Vampires, The Vampire Queen, The Legend of the Night, Silent Hill, Dracula, Van Helsing, Pirates of the Caribbean (The Siren) and Harry Potter (The Lord of the Rings). Most of the later films are modern blockbusters, in which Gothic elements are used on villains. After all, most people still like justice and beauty that ordinary people can accept.
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As early as 1921, a Swede named Christensen made a film called Witchcraft of Past Dynasties. As we all know, the films at that time were just born, and they were still in their infancy. There were few complete films with storylines and the film stunts were simple and crude, so Christensen used the form of documentary to reproduce some images about witchcraft for us on the screen. It is said to be a documentary, but the scenes in it are basically staged. From our perspective today, it is more like a feature film. But in any case, this is the first time that Gothic culture has been integrated into the expression field of film art, and the dark elements such as heresy, death and witchcraft have become the theme of the film for the first time. In this sense, this is an out-and-out Gothic film. Because the theme of the film is too advanced, "Witchcraft of Past Dynasties" was banned for decades, and it was not lifted until after World War II. It is worth pondering that the Gothic people in history may also come from Scandinavia, where Sweden is located. After a thousand years, it is on this land that the first Gothic film was born.
However, the first influential Gothic film came from Germany. One year after the birth of Witchcraft of Past Dynasties, German director Maunau filmed Vampire Nosferatu. Since then, the famous vampire has officially appeared on the big screen. In fact, the protagonist in the film is the infamous Dracula written by the Irish writer Stoke. It was only to avoid copyright disputes that Maunau changed its name, but this did not have the expected effect. After the film was released, the copyright has been in constant trouble, and until now there is no such thing as a dust settled. However, the film itself is indeed very successful, which immediately caused a sensation as soon as it was released, and Maonao also established his position as a master director with this film. Vampire Nosferatu has also become the first landmark Gothic film in the history of human film. It is worth mentioning that at that time, the German film industry was in the dominant stage of expressionist films, and besides Vampire Nosferatu, another expressionist film, The Clay Fighter, was also an excellent Gothic film. It's just that Vampire Nosferatu's light is so dazzling that the Clay Fighter Company is almost forgotten.
The great influence of Vampire Nosferatu soon spread to the other side of the ocean. At this time, Hollywood, which is on the rise, naturally welcomes all the themes with box office appeal. In 1931, American director Browning