This mode is very similar to a miniature archery target, which is called "bull's-eye" code. The concentric circles of the target are drawn into rings by circles and spaces. In principle, the "bull's-eye" code is very similar to the later bar code, but unfortunately, the technology and commodity economy at that time could not print this code. However, 20 years later, jo woodland became the founder of UPC code as an engineer of IBM. Several inventors, represented by Girard Fe- -ssel, applied for a patent in 1959, describing that every number from 0 to 9 can be composed of seven parallel bars. But this code makes the machine difficult to read, and it is not convenient for people to read. However, this idea did promote the emergence and development of bar codes later. Soon, E·F· brinker applied for another patent, which was to mark the bar code on the tram. The system invented by Searwar in the late 1960s was adopted by the North American railway system. These two items can be said to be the earliest application of bar code technology.
1970, the United States supermarket ad hoc committee formulated UPC code, and many organizations also put forward various bar code symbol schemes, as shown in the lower right and left figure above. UPC code was first tried in the grocery retail industry, which laid the foundation for the unification and wide adoption of bar codes in the future. The following year, Blesi Company developed the Blesi code and the corresponding automatic identification system for inventory inspection. This is the first practical application of barcode technology in warehouse management system. 1972, monarch mark and others developed code bar code, and American bar code technology entered a new development stage.
From 65438 to 0973, the Unified Coding Association of America (UCC) established UPC barcode system, which standardized the code system. In the same year, the grocery industry adopted UPC code as a general standard coding system, which played a positive role in promoting the wide application of bar code technology in commercial circulation and sales.
1974, Dr. Davide Allair of Intermec Company developed code 39, which was quickly adopted by the US Department of Defense as a military bar code system. Code 39 is the first alphanumeric bar code, which was later widely used in the industrial field.
From 65438 to 0976, the successful application of UPC code in American and Canadian supermarkets greatly inspired people, especially Europeans. The following year, EuropEAN * * * entities formulated European article codes ean- 13 and EAN-8 on the basis of UPC-A codes, signed a memorandum of agreement on "European article codes", and formally established the European article coding association (ean). 198 1 year, because EAN has developed into an international organization and changed its name to "ean international" for short. However, due to historical reasons and habits, it is still called EAN. Japan established POS system from 1974, and studied standardization, information input mode and printing technology. On the basis of EAN, 1978 compiled the Japanese commodity code Jan. In the same year, he joined EAN International, began to register manufacturers, and devoted himself to the development of barcode technology and its series products, becoming the largest user of EAN after 10 years.
Since the early 1980s, many researches have been done to improve the information density of bar code symbols. 128 code and 93 code are research results. 198 1 recommended code 128, 1982 use code 93. The advantage of these two codes is that the symbol density of bar code is nearly 30% higher than that of code 39. With the development of bar code technology, there are more and more kinds of bar code systems, and the standardization problem is very prominent. Therefore, the military standard1189 was formulated successively; 25-yard, 39-yard and Kudba-yard, which span the ANSI standard MH 10.8M, etc. At the same time, some industries have begun to establish industry standards to meet the needs of development. Since then, David Alil has developed code 49, which is an unconventional bar code symbol with higher density than previous bar code symbols. Then Ted Williams introduced 16K code, which is a code system suitable for laser systems. Up to now, * * * has more than 40 bar code systems, and the corresponding automatic identification equipment and printing technology have also made great progress. Since the mid-1980s, some universities, scientific research departments and some export enterprises in China have gradually put the research, popularization and application of barcode technology on the agenda. Some industries, such as books, posts and telecommunications, materials management departments and foreign trade departments, have begun to use barcode technology.
With the advent of the information society with economic globalization, information networking, internationalization of life and localization of culture, bar code and bar code technology, which originated in the 1940s, were studied in the 1960s, applied in the 1970s and popularized in the 1980s, have caused great changes in the world circulation field. As a printable computer language, barcode is called "computer culture" by futurists. In the field of international circulation in the 1990s, bar code was hailed as the "ID card" for goods to enter the international computer market, which made the whole world sit up and take notice. Bar codes printed on commodity packaging, like economic information ties, organically link manufacturers, exporters, wholesalers, retailers and customers all over the world. These ties, once connected with EDI system, form a multi-project and multi-factor information network, and the related information of various commodities is like being put into an invisible and never-ending automatic guiding transmission mechanism, which flows to all parts of the world and is active in the world commodity circulation field.
EAN- 13 general commodity bar code generally consists of prefix, manufacturer code, commodity code and check code. The prefix code in commodity bar code is used to identify the country or region, and the code is given in ean international. For example, 00-09 stands for the United States and Canada. 45-49 stands for Japan. 690-692 stands for Chinese mainland, 47 1 stands for Taiwan Province Province and 489 stands for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The empowerment of manufacturers' codes is organized by article codes in various countries or regions, while in China, the National Article Coding Center gives manufacturers' codes. Commodity codes are codes used to identify commodities, and the right to assign codes is exercised by the product manufacturers themselves. Manufacturers themselves decide which Arabic numerals to use for their products according to the prescribed conditions. At last, the 1 parity code is used to check the correctness of the L- 12 digital code from the left in the barcode.
Full text:
Commodity barcode refers to a symbol composed of a group of regularly arranged bars, spaces and their corresponding characters, which is used to represent certain commodity information. Among them, the bar is dark and empty, which is a reading device used to scan and read bar codes. Its corresponding characters consist of a group of Arabic numerals for people to read directly or input data to the computer through the keyboard. This set of spaces and corresponding characters represent the same information.
Bar code technology was born with the development and application of computer and information technology. It is a new technology integrating coding, printing, identification, data acquisition and processing.
Using bar code scanning is the general trend of future market circulation. In order to make goods circulate freely and widely in the world, enterprises must abide by the relevant provisions of commodity bar codes whether designing, manufacturing, applying for registration or using commodity bar codes.
At present, ENA barcode, UPC barcode, 25 barcode, cross barcode, Kudba barcode, Sanjiu barcode and 128 barcode are commonly used in the world, among which EAN barcode is the most commonly used commodity.
EAN commodity bar code, also known as general commodity bar code, is formulated by ean international and is widely used in the world. It is the most widely used commodity bar code in the world. At present, this commodity bar code is being used in China. EAN commodity bar codes are divided into EAN- 13 (standard version) and EAN-8 (abbreviated version).
EAN- 13 general commodity bar code generally consists of prefix, manufacturer code, commodity code and check code. The prefix code in commodity bar code is used to identify the country or region, and the code is given in ean international. For example, 00-09 stands for the United States and Canada. 45-49 stands for Japan. 690-692 stands for Chinese mainland, 47 1 stands for Taiwan Province Province and 489 stands for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The empowerment of manufacturers' codes is organized by article codes in various countries or regions, while in China, the National Article Coding Center gives manufacturers' codes. Commodity codes are codes used to identify commodities, and the right to assign codes is exercised by the product manufacturers themselves. Manufacturers themselves decide which Arabic numerals to use for their products according to the prescribed conditions. At last, the 1 parity code is used to check the correctness of the L- 12 digital code from the left in the barcode.
The coding of commodity bar codes follows the principle of uniqueness, so as to ensure that commodity bar codes will not be repeated in the global scope, that is, a commodity item can only have one code, or a code can only identify one commodity item. Commodities with different specifications, different packages, different varieties, different prices and different colors can only use different commodity codes.
The standard size of commodity bar code is 37.29mmx26.26mm, and the magnification is 0.8-2.0. When the printing area allows, the barcode with magnification of 1.0 should be selected to meet the reading requirements. The smaller the magnification, the higher the printing accuracy. When the printing accuracy can not meet the requirements, it is easy to read the bar code.
Because the identification of bar code is realized by the color contrast between bar code and blank bar code, generally speaking, as long as the color can meet the requirements of contrast (PCS value), light color can be used as blank color, such as white, orange and yellow, and dark color as bar, such as black, dark green and dark brown. The best color scheme is black stripes and white spaces. According to the practical experience of bar code detection, red, gold and light yellow should not be used as bar code colors, and transparent and gold should not be used as blank colors.
EAN-8 commodity bar code refers to the 8-digit commodity bar code used for identification, which consists of 7-digit commodity item code and 1 digit check code.
The birth of commodity bar code greatly facilitates the circulation of commodities, and modern society cannot do without commodity bar code. According to statistics, at present, there are 500,000 kinds of products in China that use the international commodity bar code. After China's entry into the WTO, enterprises will surely win more space for activities on the international stage. To keep up with international practice and meet the needs of international trade, enterprises should not mistreat commodity bar codes.
Bar code prefix codes of some EAM members.
United States, Canada 00-09 Israel 729 Denmark 57
(In-store code) 20-29 Venezuela 759 Norway 70
Japan 45-49 Uruguay 773 Switzerland 76
Belgium/Luxembourg 54 Bolivia 773 Spain 84
Finland 64 Chile 780 Austria 90-965438
Sweden 73 Ecuador 786 New Zealand 94
Italy 80-83 Cuba 850 Slovenia 383
Netherlands 87 Czech 859 Germany 400-440
Australia 93 Korea 880 Taiwan Province Province 47 1
Bulgaria 380 Singapore 888 Latvia 475
Croatia 385 Malaysia 893 Sri Lanka 479
Russia 460-469 Vietnam 977 Hong Kong 489
Estonia 474 Mexico 750 Cyprus 529
Lithuania 477 Colombia 770 Malta 535
Philippines 480 Peru 775 Portugal 560
Greece 520 Argentina 779 Poland 590
Macedonia 53 1 Paraguay 784 Hungary 599
Ireland 539 Brazil 789 Mauritius 609
Iceland 569 Slovakia 858 Albania 6 13
Romanian 594 Yugoslavia 860 Chinese mainland 690-692
South Africa 600-60 1 Thailand 885 France 30-37
Morocco 6 1 1 India 890 UK 50
Turkey 619,869 Indonesia 899