American fans Dong Qin, M.S.M Jayton * and M.C.M Van Reiter * *
Department of Bioengineering, School of Applied Sciences, Delft University, Netherlands. Dutch Julianalaan 67 technology
Delft, the Netherlands in 2828 (e-mail: mcmvanloosdrecht @ tnw.tudelft.nl)
* Current address: Department of Microbiology, Department of Science, University. Nijmegen, Netherlands 6525 ED lens Nijmegen's
the Netherlands
* * Correspondence author
Ammonium treatment of rich wastewater, such as sewage sludge biogas digesters, can be significant.
Biotechnology is introduced when new improvement processes are introduced. The combination part of this paper
Nitrification process (nitrification? ) and anoxic ammonia oxidation (anaerobic ammonia oxidation? ) process treatment
Evaluation of ammonia-rich influent. In this merging process, the recycling of sludge was studied.
Wine produced by the Dockhaven Sewage Treatment Plant in Rotterdam. Salon process runs stably at 2.
After continuous aeration for many years in ten liters of CSTR, HRT was 65438 0 days. Ammonia in sludge liquid
Converted to 53%, only nitrite. No nitrate formation was observed during the test. effusive
Sharon's process is very suitable as an anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor with influent. In the process of anaerobic ammonia oxidation
It operates as a granular sludge SBR process. More than 80% of ammonia is converted into divalent.
The natural gas load is 1.2 kgN/m3/ day. Bacteria similar to planktonic bacteria rule a mixed society.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, only a small part of the population is oxidized by aerobic ammonia.
Bacteria. This shows that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria have no
Accumulated in SBR process. The test shows that the combined salon anaerobic ammonia oxidation system is feasible.
The stable and long-term process is to prepare for full implementation.
Short-cut nitrification; Nitrification; Nitrite; Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidation; Sludge wine; sitting room
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation
introduce
Ammonia is one of the most important components in wastewater and has been removed.
Waste water can be discharged. This is mainly due to complete oxidation.
Nitrate, which is then reduced to two kinds of gas anoxic conditions.
Sacrifice cod. Oxygen (air) is used for oxidation of incoming wastewater.
Ammonium needs a lot of energy. In addition, a large amount of chemical oxygen demand
Wastewater is often limited, so it is necessary to buy methanol in the form of COD.
Due to the age required for long-term sludge nitrification, large reactors (area requirements)
Is necessary. Some of these limitations may bypass both applications.
Progress in newly developed biotechnology: partial ammonium nitrate
With the rapid growth of nitrite nitrification and nitrite denitrification, ammonia water is used as natural gas.
As an electron donor. In this way, nitrogen is removed with minimum COD and energy.
The nitrogen removal process rarely uses energy and chemical oxygen demand.
A basic process in figure 1 puts forward the concept of anaerobic ammonia oxidation, which has been partially
The implementation of Dokhaven in Rotterdam Sewage Treatment Plant in the Netherlands is introduced. that
Sludge circulating water usually contains 15%, and the total load of the whole plant is only 1%.
Hydraulic load. Ammonia water (1- 1.5 gNH4 nitrogen/liter) was deleted from the sludge wine.
Part of ammonium oxide is nitrite, and nitrite is ammonium denitrification.
As an electron donor. These processes, which are critical to these two systems, have recently
Water Science and Technology: Volume 44,No. 1, 153- 160? Nuremberg press 200 1 year
153
In our development sector: Salon and Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation Process (Hutt, Fan Lei)
And Jetten 1998). In this way, the oxygen demand for denitrification is reduced.
60%, there is no required chemical oxygen demand, sludge production is marginalized, and net carbon dioxide emissions.
Greatly reduced.
No biomass energy is retained in ammonia oxidation.
Sharon process (Hellinga et al., 1997, 1999) has no biological reservation.
This means that sludge age (broadcast and TV) is equal to hydraulic retention time (HRT). exist
The effluent concentration of this system only depends on the growth rate (1/SRT).
Bacterial participation and independent inflow concentration. In the course of operation
During the salon process, when the temperature exceeds 25℃, the ammonium oxidant increases rapidly.
Has been selected. However, these organisms have low affinity ammonium (affinity constant
20-40mg NH4 nitrogen/liter). In practice, this will lead to the application of microorganisms in wastewater.
Relatively high ammonium concentration (? 50- 100 mg/l). Therefore, Sharon
This method is most suitable for treating high concentration ammonium ("500 mg)
/liter), rather than the key to effluent quality.
The temperature of sludge digestion wastewater in Sharon process is 30-40 degrees Celsius.
There is no reserve of microbial biomass, so the dilution rate can set such an interest rate.
The growth rate of ammonium nitrate oxidizer is not fast enough to stay in the reactor, while nitrite oxidizing bacteria
It is under development. Sharon has been operating in the laboratory (2-liter reactor).
Digest wastewater for more than 2 years. This is directly expanded to full scale (1800 m3).
There, this is expected (Mulder et al. , 200 1 year).
Investigate the biomass of mixed microbial community in salon.
Molecular ecological technology (Logemann et al., 1998). Total DNA extraction
There are common bacteria from biological samples and primers for PCR amplification.
PCR products were used to establish gene bank. Analysis shows that cloning
The dominant clone (69%) is very similar to nitrifying Alcaligenes. This is quality.
And two independent microscopic methods were confirmed by quantitative analysis. exist
About 50-70% of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria showed the use of 16 county rRNA gene.
Targeted fluorescent oligonucleotide probe (NEU653) is a specific nitrification species.
Nitrifying Alcaligenes is described as a fast-growing nitrifying bacterium in the literature.
The concentrations of ammonium and nitrate increased at a high level. American vermicelli Dong Qin et al. 154
Figure 1 Salon anaerobic ammonia oxidation process is implemented at Dokhaven Sewage Treatment Plant in Rotterdam.
The Sharon process produces a mixture of ammonia and nitrite.
When Sharon reactor is used to provide feed, there is only 50% anaerobic ammonia oxidation process.
P- ammonium needs to be converted into nitrite;
ammonia sulfate
++bicarbonate
-+0.75 oxygen → 0.5 ammonium sulfate
++0.5 nitrogen dioxide
-+CO2+1.5 water (1)
This stoichiometric reaction means that no additional alkali is needed due to the existence of sludge.
Anaerobic digestion caused by wine generally contains enough alkalinity (in
Sodium bicarbonate form) to make up for the generation of acid, if only 50% of ammonium nitrate is
Oxidation. It is possible to produce 50:50 mixed ammonium and nitrite.
Salon has been evaluating the extensive laboratory system, the process of sludge wine.
Sewage treatment plant in Rotterdam. The results (figure 1, table 1) show that, in fact,
A stable transition is possible. Ammonium oxide is 53% and nitrite is 1.2kg nitrogen.
There is no required pH control for the load per cubic meter per day. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria
Tolerance to high concentration of nitrite (0.5 g of nitrogen dioxide/liter, pH 7).
It can be sensitive to the process of ammonium/nitrite ratio coming out of salon.
The pH value of the reaction is between 6.5 and 7.5. Thus, accuracy
It can be obtained in the process of total denitrification anaerobic ammonia oxidation. In the experiment
During this period, the possibility of several successful experiments (Phase I 3 and 5) was evaluated.
The required ammonium/nitrite ratio is set by controlling the pH value.
American fans Dong Qin and others.
155
Table 1 Conversion rate of Sharon reactor during the test. The influent belongs to centrifugal filtrate.
Sludge Digestion Centrifuge of Dokhaven Sewage Treatment Plant in Rotterdam (HRT = radio and television = 1 day)
Parameter unit steady-state operation * * * period (240 four)
The influent ammonia nitrogen is kg/m31.180.141.170.25.
Inflow of nitrogen oxides kg/m3 000
Ammonia nitrogen in wastewater kg/m3 0.550.100.600 0.20
Nitrogen dioxide in wastewater kg/m3 0.60 0. 100.55 0.20
Nitrate nitrogen in wastewater kg/m3 000
The pH value is 6.7 0.36.8 1.2.
Transformation of NH4-N 53 49
Nitrogen conversion kg/m3/d0.630.100.520.
Continuous operation of Sharon reactor for ammonium sulfate conversion. Hydraulic retention time and radio and television people
One day for each side. Period 1: Start-up period, periods 2, 4 and 6, steady-state operation without pH control, period 3.
5. During the test, evaluate the conversion that affects the pH value of the reactor. (10) ammonia nitrogen; ? : NH4-N output; ? : nitrogen dioxide nitrogen output)
Get out of the water. Under this control principle, the chemostat system is used for: constant dilution.
Sewage will not change with the concentration of interest rate substrate. It has been shown that ammonia, though
Then ammonium
+is the active substrate (Hellinga et al., 1999). If the pH value keeps increasing,
Ammonia content means reducing ammonium content. That is, by increasing the number of pH values.
Ammonium in wastewater drops rapidly. The results show that on the third and fifth days, it is indeed a
A small change in pH value leads to a large change in the ratio of ammonium to nitrite.
Uncontrolled conversion is already a total "90% available, so it is doubtful."
Whether additional removal of pH control is economically worthwhile.
In the process of anaerobic ammonia oxidation
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation is a process of transforming into nitrite under anoxic conditions.
Ammonium dihydrogen as an electron donor;
ammonia sulfate
++nitrogen dioxide
-→ Nitrogen +2 Water (2)
The anaerobic ammonia oxidation catalytic reaction of this bacteria is autotrophic, which means that nitrite can
It is converted into secondary gas without using chemical oxygen demand or increasing external methanol.
(Jetten et al., 1998). A pilot plant was found in the anaerobic ammonia oxidation process.
The spirit of Kim (Mott, etc. , 1992, 1995). Biological processes can
This shows that the activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidation is inactivated by γ -ray irradiation,
Heating the sludge of the experimental factory or incubating various inhibitors (Jetten et al., 1998).
Cells reversibly inhibit oxygen concentration as low as 0.5% air saturation.
(Strauss et al., 1997, Jayton et al., 1998). In addition, it was pointed out that nitrite
Preferred electron acceptor process.
Bacteria are responsible for the sequencing batch reactor with rich technology.
Ammonium, nitrite and sodium bicarbonate (Strous et al,
1998, 1999). Growth rate (doubling time 1 1 day) and growth rate (0. 1 1 golden hour/
GNH4-n) is very low. Therefore, the advantages of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process are obvious.
Sludge yield is low. However, an effective system, such as biomass retention.
The use of SBR system will need to maintain the biomass and biomass in all anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactors.
As long as the start-up time is needed, enough biomass will be produced. The specific height is the highest
Nitrogen consumption rate (0.82 nephritis /gVSS. day), very high affinity ammonia and
Nitrite (report "0. 1 mg? /L) and particle growth,
Making it possible to design a very compact device.
Previous studies have shown that some nitrifying species can also
Ammonia oxidation and nitrite as electron acceptors. Hypoxia or oxygen limitation
The reaction rate was less than 0.08 nephritis /gVSS. day (Bok et al.,1995; Jiedun
Wait a minute. , 1999; Yi,,1998; Schmidt, Bok,1997; Schmidt, Bok,1998; Sarter,
Bok， 1998)。 The anaerobic ammonia oxidation activity of our culture is much higher than this ratio.
In addition, our culture is controlled by 70% or more typical microorganisms.
The results show that the three attributes of members are in the same order.
Planctomycetales: buds of cell division, which are divided by internal cells
The crater-like structure of the current cell wall and the existing dyslipidemia.
Membrane (Strous et al., 1999). A tentative name based on 16S RNA analysis.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria in Brocadia proposed that anaerobic ammonia oxidation is a responsible organism.
Process.
Recently, a large number of nitrogen losses have been reported in several sewage treatments (Table 2).
System (helmer and Art,1998; Shippen, wait. , 1996; Siegrist et al., 1998, schmid et al.
Base. , 2000). Due to the high nitrogen load, the air supply is limited, and a large number of
Ammonia loses gaseous nitrogen compounds. Under such institutional conditions, Fan and others may be out in advance in the United States. 156
Weil can survive in these two nitrifying and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria.
(schmid et al., 2000). Determine by a specific hybridization probe
There are many such processes in anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. Only in the
It is found that microreactor has a lot of conventional nitrification. These opinions
It shows that anaerobic ammonia oxidation may be a universal property and may
Available from many different sources.
feasibility study
In the recent feasibility study report (Strous et al., 1997), ammonium in sludge was eliminated.
Taking biogas digester wastewater as the research object, anaerobic ammonia oxidation process was used to treat it. The results of this study
The results show that the compounds in biogas digester sewage have no adverse effect on anaerobic ammonia oxidation.
Sludge. The optimization process of pH value (7.0-8.5) and temperature (30-37℃) is better.
The expected value range is biogas digester wastewater. Laboratory experiment
Scale (2 liters) fluidized bed reactor shows anaerobic ammonium oxidation sludge capacity.
Removal of sludge and sewage from efficient biogas digesters by ammonia and nitrite. nitrogen (N)
The capacity of fluidized bed reactor loaded with anaerobic ammonia oxidation can be changed from 0.2 kg Ntot/m3d 2.6.
Kg Ntot/m3d。 Due to the limitation of nitrite, the maximum capacity has not been reached. exist
The experimental synthetic wastewater with a value of 5. 1kg Ntot/m3d was obtained.
(Jetten et al. 1998).
Combination, Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation Process and Partial Nitrification (Salon)
This process has successfully tested and utilized the effluent from sludge digester. Sharon reactor
The total nitrogen load without pH control is about 1.2kg N/m3/ day.
P- ammonium in biogas digester sludge is converted to 53%, and the pH value is
Control (table 1). This mixture of monoammonium and nitrite is suitable for anaerobic ammonia oxidation.
In terms of process. The effluent Sharon reactor is used as the influent.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation sequencing batch reactor. Nitrite all nitrite in limited anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor
After deletion, the residual ammonium still exists. Nitrogen load during testing
0.75 kg? Every cubic meter per day (Table 3). The activity value is as high as 0.8 kg nitrogen/kg.
Daily dry weight.
A key aspect of feasibility study is the possible impact on biomass.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation of ammonium nitrate oxidant and bacterial wine in sludge
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation process. Slight silt accumulation and large water inflow.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation process will have adverse effects on anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor. net products
The function and accumulation of low anaerobic ammonia oxidation cells will be diluted.
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation biomass is significant. FISH analysis showed that most bacteria
In the anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor, only a small amount of nitration reaction occurs.
The process from the salon can be detected. In addition, the amount of ammonium
The oxidizing bacteria in the effluent from anaerobic ammonia oxidation were compared. This shows that
The flushing volume comes from the salon system (operating inanimate objects)
American fans Dong Qin and others.
157
Table 2 reports the activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidation and the existence of anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria like planktonic bacteria.
System inlet conditions fish nerve /Amx reference
Limited O2-+/+sie grist et al. 1998 in erythrocyte wastewater
Limited +/+Hippen of O2- in red blood cell leachate, etc. 1996
Helmer 1998
Limited O2-/+in ammonium trickling filter, Schmid et al., 2000
The ammonia medium in the packed bed is anoxic-/+Ashport. Business.
The ammonia medium in the fluidized bed is anoxic-/+jet, etc. 1998
Ammonium sulfate lacks oxygen-/+sulfur in SBR process. 1998
Lack of oxygen in SBR process sludge wine-/+This paper
Retention) has no negative effect on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation process.
Granular sludge reactor.
At present, the combined salon anaerobic ammonia oxidation process has been fully implemented.
Evaluation. Therefore, the whole process is designed and evaluated economically.
Treatment technology of sludge wine in Rotterdam Dockhaven sewage treatment plant
The design is shown in Table 4. Because of sludge management, three cases were evaluated.
It has a considerable influence on the flow and concentration of concentrated water. Direct digestion
The excess sludge resulted in an ammonium concentration of 500 mgN/ lake.
Before sludge concentration or centrifugal digestion, give higher concentration of ammonium.
And low liquidity. Sludge-free retention process (salon) mainly
Therefore, the hydraulic retention time on the scale of Sharon reactor is very long.
The impact is more concentrated in the water. Biofilm method is basically large-scale.
The actual load will not affect the influent concentration. reserve
Time is up. Variable parameters. Because the field of biofilm in biofilm reactor is mainly
Determine the conversion capacity, granular sludge process (such as granular sludge
SBR process, upflow anaerobic sludge bed or reactor with internal circulation (ic) lead to much smaller reactor size.
Cost estimation based on process. Hypothetical installation
Must be built on a new website. These costs should be regarded as absolute instructions, because
Values can be very specific websites. These costs can be calculated similarly.
Other processes have been tested in pilot-scale denitrification and sludge digestion.
Alcohol (Stova, 1995). For methanol in the denitration process
This makes the estimated F 2-3/kgN disassembled. In this comparison, we can see the cost.
Conventional additional investment in the balance of methanol and aeration nitrogen removal
The second anaerobic ammonia oxidation reactor. Other biotechnology (such as biofilm and membrane)
American vermicelli Dong Qin et al. 158
Table 3 SBR process and Federal Reserve of improved granular sludge anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor
Nitrification wastewater is produced by Sharon reactor (table 1).
Stable operation of parametric unit
During the examination, every day 1 10.
Inlet ammonia nitrogen kg/m3 0.55 0. 10
Nitrogen dioxide in the influent is 0.60 0.10 kg/m3.
Transformation of NH4-N kg/m3/d0.35 0.08
The nitrogen of NO2 is converted into kg/m3/d0.36 0.0 1.
Nitrogen kg/m3 0 in nitrogen dioxide wastewater
Volume conversion. Kg ntot/ m3 /d0.75 0.20
Sludge transformation kgnto/kgss/day 0. 18 0.03
Table 4 Multidimensional Integrated Salon-Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation Process in Three Different Cases
Reactor condition 1 condition 2, condition 3 parameter unit
General nitrogen load is 1, 200 1, 200 1, 200 1, 200.
The concentration of NH4-N is kg N/m3 500 1, 200-2000.
Water inflow m3/ day 2400 1000 600
The volume of Sharon reactor is 3 120 1300 780 cubic meters.
Oxygen demand kg O2/ day 2181218121.
Aviation demand
*
Nm3/ day 56000 56000 56000
Moving bed volume cubic meters 450 450 450
The hydraulic retention time of anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor is 4.5 hours, 165438+ 10 month 18 days.
Granular sludge volume cubic meters 75 75 75
The hydraulic retention time of anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor is 0.75 hours and 65438 0.8 3.
* Calculation assumes that the oxygen consumption is15g/nm3/maktor.
Process) has higher investment cost and higher operation cost.
Excessive F 5- 10/kg caused by nitrate? Delete. Value for physical/chemical technology
F 10-25/ kg? Delete the evaluation. For example, if the energy source is
Free or low price. However, the pretreatment must eliminate carbonate.
Make a significant contribution to the price in the physical process.
conclusion
Two new concepts of denitrification wastewater are put forward.
This greatly reduces the purpose of energy and chemical utilization. second-hand
Denitrification will no longer be needed in the anaerobic ammonia oxidation process of the joint salon.
Chemical oxygen demand input. Therefore, the combined system can run independently. This makes ... ...
Optimize the separation of COD and denitrification as much as possible. Proposed concept
The test shows that the sewage is stable for a long time and the ammonia nitrogen removal rate is high.
Without process control. In view of the full implementation of active costing
It can be predicted that in the near future.
Express one's gratitude formally
Study on financial support of nitrogen conversion technology
Foundation's Applied Water Research (STOWA), which is applied science.
(short-term waiver), the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), the theme of DSM, Parker, and
Grontmij consultant. We thank our colleagues for their fruitful discussions and cooperation.
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159
The cost estimates in Table 5 are three cases of Sharon anaerobic ammonium oxidation process mentioned in Table 4.
Parameter Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Nitrogen load kg nitrogen/day1.2001.2001.200
Flow M3/ day 2400 1000 600
Concentration kg/m3 500 1, 200 2000
Investment KF 4983 3997 3603
KF depreciation/year 528 433 393
KF/ year 10 1 90 83 for maintenance
Individual KF/ year 24 24 24
* * * D phosphorus of KF/year is 653.5475 million.
KF/ Power Year181167163
Total cost/year KF 834 7 14 663
The cost of removing nitrogen per kilogram. On February 30th, F 1.97 1.83.
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