(transferred from Nanjing)
Zhang: Traditional Chinese characters
Nanjing
Chinese
Nanjing
postal system
Nanjing
Mark with phonetic symbols
Official terminology
-hanyu pinyin
fight up and down the country
-Witoma pinyin
Nanjing
-Roman characters in national languages
Nanjing
Fujian dialect
-Minnan vernacular
l？ m-kia？
Wu dialect
Latinise
Noessin
Guangzhou people
-Cantonese spelling
Namkin
-Yale Pinyin
Nanman
Nanjing, referred to as Jinling for short, is the capital of Jiangsu Province, a sub-provincial city and the second largest city in East China. Nanjing is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southwest of Jiangsu and adjacent to Anhui. The whole city governs 1 1 districts, with a total area of 6582.5438+0 square kilometers. 20 187800 The permanent population at the end of 2000 was 8 187800, of which the urban population was 6596438+0000.
Nanjing is an important industrial city in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River Delta, a sub-central city in the Yangtze River Delta, and a political, economic, scientific, technological, educational, cultural and information center in Jiangsu Province. It is also a comprehensive transportation and communication hub city and one of the national science and education center cities. According to the national urban system planning, Nanjing is a regional central city in East China and one of the six regional central cities in China.
Nanjing has a history of more than 2500 years and nearly 500 years. It is one of the four ancient capitals in China, and is known as the "ancient capital of six dynasties" and "metropolis of ten dynasties". It has long been the political and cultural center of southern China, with profound cultural heritage and rich historical relics, and is one of the first national historical and cultural cities.
Nanjing is an important center of science, education and culture in China, with eight universities listed in China Key Construction University 100, ranking third among major cities. Developed scientific research, according to the 20 14 natural index released by Nature Group, it ranks among the top three leading cities in domestic scientific research. Technology research and development expenditure and the number of invention patents are among the best. Emerging industries are booming. For example, the software and information service industry ranks fourth in China, the new display industry ranks second in China, and the smart grid industry ranks first in China. There are many industrial parks such as Nanjing Software Valley, Smart Grid Valley, Biomedical Valley and Satellite Application Industrial Park. There are Nanjing Library, one of the three major libraries in China, and Nanjing Museum, one of the three major museums.
history
ancient times
There were ancient human activities in Nanjing from 6,543,800 years ago to 6,543,800 years ago. Homo erectus in Nanjing discovered in Huludong, Tangshan, was distributed from 200,000 years ago to 600,000 years ago. About 7000 years ago, primitive Neolithic villages represented by Beiyinying culture appeared. 3000 years ago, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains, dense primitive settlements appeared in the Qinhuai River basin, which was called the lake-cooked culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the earliest cities in Nanjing were formed on the basis of these settlements. 57 1 year ago (the first year of Zhou Lingwang), the State of Chu established Tangyi in Liuhe District, which was the beginning of the establishment of Nanjing Administrative Region. According to legend, 495 years ago, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built a smelting city in Nanjing. In 472 AD (the fourth year of Zhou Yuanwang), Fan Li, a doctor of the State of Yue, built a city on the south bank of Qinhuai River outside the present Zhonghua Gate, which was the beginning of the history of Nanjing's city building. In the first 333 years (thirty-six years of King Xian of Zhou), Chu Weiwang built Jinling City in Stone Mountain, which was the beginning of the establishment of the administrative office in Nanjing, hence the nickname of Nanjing. 2 10 (thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang), Jinling City was changed to Moling County. Until the end of the Han Dynasty, Nanjing had only county-level administrative regions.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Quan, who was separated from Jiangdong, moved to Moling, the capital, in February1,and built a stone castle in the former site of Jinling, and changed Moling to Jianye the following year. In 229, the rising sun was founded, and the capital was moved from Wuchang to Jianye, known as "Shi Hu Tower in Zhongshan Longpan", which opened the capital history of Nanjing. After the destruction of Wu in the Western Jin Dynasty, it was rebuilt as Jianye in 282 (the third year of Taikang) and as Kang in 3 13 (the first year of Jianxing). Only thirty years after the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu, he died in Yongjia Rebellion. In 3 17, Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang, and the northern population moved south. During the Great North-South Division about 300 years later, Jiankang became the right place for China. After the demise of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen successively established their capitals as Jiankang, and they were called the Six Dynasties together with Soochow and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During the Six Dynasties, Jiankang was quite prosperous. It is said that the registered permanent residence in Liang Wudi has reached 280,000, which is the first peak in the history of Nanjing. In 548 (the second year of Taiqing), Hou Jing rebellion broke out and Jiankang suffered heavy losses. After the establishment of the Chen Dynasty, Jiankang was restored. In 589 AD, after the destruction of Chen, Jiankang City was razed to the ground, and Jiangzhou only set up Shicheng, ending the first prosperity in Nanjing history. The establishment of the Six Dynasties was not long, but the replacement of dynasties was relatively stable, and the institutional culture came down in one continuous line. This is an important stage for China's economic and cultural center to move southward. As the political, economic and cultural center of the Six Dynasties, Jiankang is the central stage created by the system of the Six Dynasties, so Nanjing has distinctive characteristics among the "four ancient capitals".
In the Tang Dynasty, Jiankang's hometown was deliberately belittled, but the geographical advantage made this area develop again. Jiangning County was established in the early Tang Dynasty, and was later promoted to the state. In the Five Dynasties, Yang Wu was changed to Jinling House, and an unprecedented Jinling City was built. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty made Jinling its capital, renamed it jiangning house, and expanded the city. After the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Tang Dynasty, it moved its capital to Shengzhou and later changed to jiangning house. Three years after the Southern Song Dynasty, Kangfu was rebuilt as the capital of Jiangnan East Road and a palace was set up. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was changed to Qing Ji Road, which was the center of textile industry in southeast China at that time.
1356, Qing Ji was captured by Zhu Yuanzhang and changed to Tianfu. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, with its capital in Yingtian. That year, the Ming army invaded the Yuan Dynasty, and Nanjing became the capital of the unified dynasty for the first time, which ushered in the second peak in history. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Shi Jing had a total population of about 700,000, including about 470,000 residents and 200,000 troops. It was the most populous city in China at that time. Buildings such as Nanjing City Wall and Ming Tombs, which have been preserved to this day, were built during this period.
1402, Judy launched the Jingnan campaign to seize the throne of Wen Jian, and moved the capital to Shuntianfu in 142 1 year, changed Tianfu to be the capital, and set up six Nanjing departments and other institutions. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Nanjing, with a population of 6,543.8+200,000, was the largest capital city in the world at that time. Since the late Ming Dynasty, Nanjing has been the political, economic and cultural center of the south and even the whole country. 1**4 years, Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide, and Zhu Yousong, the axe king, founded Nanming in Nanjing. 1**5 years, the Qing army captured Nanjing and fell to jiangning house, but it was still called Nanjing among the people.
Jiangning was the capital of jiangnan province in the early Qing Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kangxi, jiangnan province was divided into Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. Until the end of Qing Dynasty, Jiangning was the governor's residence in Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. At the same time, Jiangning Ambassador was set up in Jiangning, which governed jiangning house and Yangzhou, Huai 'an, Xuzhou, Haizhou Zhili, Tongzhou Zhili, Haifoye, and Anhui Ambassador, and was stationed in Jiangning for a long time before 1780. The Eight Banners Army was stationed in the former site of Dongming Palace in Jiangning, under the jurisdiction of General Jiangning. The Qing court set up a large-scale Jiangning weaving factory in Jiangning to produce and supply silk products for the royal family, so Jiangning was also very important economically.