Summary of the knowledge points of the high school general technical examination
Unit 1: Entering into the world of technology
1. The value of technology
1. Technology Value to humans: a
Technology is the transformation of nature by humans to meet their own needs and desires. It has the function of protecting, liberating and developing people
[Protector] (Example: Primitive people carry around the stone tools they polished and made, but modern people no longer panic about malaria, smallpox, tuberculosis and other diseases)
[Liberating people] (Example: physical liberation: bicycles, internal combustion power, electricity, mobile phones - information transmission)
[Developing people] (Example: Edison, Yuan Longping)
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2. The impact of technology on life, production, culture, etc.: a
Technology promotes the development of society. Technology enriches social and cultural content. Technology changes society’s lifestyle. It is one of the main driving forces for social development and civilization progress.
3. The value of technology to nature: c
(1) Relying on technology, humans can utilize and transform nature, and maintain a harmonious and friendly relationship with nature. (Examples: Dujiangyan, South-to-North Water Diversion, West-to-East Gas Pipeline)
(2) When humans use technology to develop and transform nature, they should grasp reasonable scales, pay attention to the protection of nature, and cannot ignore the impact of technology or products on Possible negative impacts on the environment.
(3) The development of technology has brought problems to the natural environment, but it also provides the possibility to solve these problems (for example: material recycling process)
2. Technology Properties
1. The relationship between the development of technology and invention and innovation: b
The basic characteristics of technology: purposefulness, innovation, comprehensiveness, duality, and patentability.
Innovation is the core of technological development. The advent of every technology is the result of innovation.
The development of technology requires innovation, which is manifested in technological innovation and technological invention. Technological innovation is a difficult and tortuous process. (Example: The continuous development of monitors is a technological innovation, and Wang Xuan’s invention of the laser phototypesetting system is a technological invention.)
2. The two sides of technology: a
Everything objectively has two sides, and technology is no exception. It can bring good news to people, but it can also bring harm to people. (Example: Batteries can bring light and power, but they can also cause serious environmental pollution. Network technology facilitates people's communication, but some people also use cybercrime. B-ultrasound technology can be used for medical treatment, but some people also perform fetal identification)
3． The difference and connection between technology and science: b
The difference and connection between technology and science
Science is to discover laws and theories through various methods and experiments, and to verify and formulate them knowledge system. For example: Newton discovered gravity
Key points of basic knowledge of information technology
1. Information, matter and energy are the three major elements that make up the world.
2. Information technology includes information collection (acquisition), transmission, storage, processing (processing), release, communication and other technologies.
3. Five technological revolutions in information technology: ① The use of language; ② The use of writing; ③ The application of papermaking and printing; ④ The invention and application of telegraph, telephone, radio and television; ⑤ Popularization of computers and networks.
4. Modern information technology with computers as the core has become an important technical pillar of the information society.
5. The world’s first electronic computer was called ENIAC, which was born in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States.
6. According to the main components used, computers have gone through four generations: ① electron tubes ② transistors ③ integrated circuits ④ large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits.
7. "Personal Computer" (PC for short).
8. Computers have developed from simple numerical calculations to having multiple functions such as text, drawing, tables, audio and video processing, and data communication.
With the birth of multimedia computers, various forms of information can be processed by computers.
9. The general trend of computer development in the future is networking, multimedia, and intelligence. The new generation of computers will be intelligent multimedia computers.
10. The main characteristics of computers: ① Fast computing speed ② High computing accuracy ③ Storage and memory capabilities ④ Logical judgment capabilities ⑤ Automatic control capabilities.
11. The main areas of computer application are: ① Numerical calculation ② Data processing ③ Automatic control ④ Computer-aided design ⑤ Computer-aided education ⑥ Artificial intelligence ⑦ Computer network.
12. Information includes text, numbers, sounds, images, charts, etc.
13. Computer Aided Design (CAD);
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI);
Computer Management Teaching (Computer Management Teaching) Managed Ins trction) referred to as CMI.
14. Artificial intelligence mainly includes expert systems, natural language processing, image recognition and robots.
15. The main functions of computer networks: resource sharing and data communication.
16. Today's society has entered the information age, and whether it can effectively and quickly obtain and process information has become an important symbol for judging a country's economic strength and its international competitiveness. The "information highway" of the future will become the huge nerve center of the entire world.
17. From the outside, a computer mainly consists of a monitor, a host, a keyboard and a mouse.
18. A complete computer system consists of hardware and software, which together determine the computer's working capabilities.
19. Computer hardware consists of five parts: arithmetic unit, controller, memory (internal memory and external memory), input device and output device.
20. The arithmetic unit, controller and external memory are the core components of the host computer. Components other than the host computer are often referred to as computer peripherals.
21. Central processing unit (also known as central processing unit), the English abbreviation CPU (Central Processing Unit), mainly consists of a controller and arithmetic unit. It is the core of the computer. Usually the model of the CPU determines the model and basic performance of the entire machine. The CPU clock frequency is called the main frequency of the computer. The main frequency is usually measured in megahertz (MHZ) and is an important indicator of computer operation speed. Currently commonly used CPU models include Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV.
22. Internal memory, referred to as memory, is mainly used to store programs and data that are currently running in the computer. It is equivalent to the storage center inside the computer. Memory can be divided into random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) according to its functions.
23. Random access memory (RAM) is mainly used to store data being processed by the computer at any time. These data are not only allowed to be read, but also allowed to be modified. After restarting the computer, all information in RAM will be lost. The memory capacity we usually refer to refers to the capacity of RAM.
24. The information stored in read-only memory (ROM) is generally determined by the computer manufacturer. It is usually important information such as the boot program when the computer starts, the basic input and output program of the system, etc. This information can only be read. , cannot be modified. After restarting the computer, the information in the ROM will not be lost.
25. The basic unit of memory storage capacity is byte (B). Commonly used units include kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB). )wait. The conversion relationship between them is: 1KB=1024B 1MB=1024KB 1GB=1024MB Currently common PC memory is 128MB, 256MB, etc.
26. The function of the input device is to transmit various information (such as text, numbers, sounds, images, etc.) to the computer. Computer input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, light pen, voice input device, etc. Among them, the most commonly used ones are keyboard and mouse.