First, the definition of British contract.
In English, contracts are generally called contracts or agreements. The civil rights and obligations between equal subjects are determined by the contract.
Agreement. A contract is a promise, and you can get legal help if you break the promise. In a sense, the law regards the performance of promise as a kind of compensation.
The establishment of a contract must have several main factors.
They consist of four parts: agreement, consideration, desire to establish legal relationship and contracting ability.
Second, the structural characteristics of English contracts.
Contract legal documents are used to stipulate the rights and obligations of the parties and are the basis for preventing and resolving disputes. Contract English is meticulous and accurate, with a long history and profound legal texts.
Cultural background. Generally, the name, name, domicile or business place of the parties are listed at the beginning of a Chinese contract, followed by the text of the contract, and finally the seal of the parties, the signature and position of the authorized representative.
Service and signing date. English contracts generally begin with the following sentences:
This agreement/contract is signed by the following parties on.
Party A (hereinafter referred to as "Party A") and Party B (hereinafter referred to as "Party B")
Then the statement begins: where do you ... have ... the agreement here is as follows or: witness, in view of ... therefore, in view of the mutual contract and agreement reached by both parties here.
It is hereby agreed and agreed as follows:
Next is the text, and finally is the proof part: in witness whereof, both parties have signed here on the above date.
Then it includes the signatures of the parties and witnesses. Generally, the date of signing can't be found in English contracts.
Third, the formal terms of English contract translation.
The words used in contract English are extremely elegant and specific. The choice of words requires professionalism, formality and accuracy. Concrete embodiment
In the following areas:
Use may, shall, must, may not (or shall not); May, shall, must, may not (or shall not) is more important to people who have studied English.
I am familiar with them, but you should be very careful when using these words in the contract. The agreed part of rights and obligations constitutes the main body of the contract. If these words are not chosen properly, it may cause disputes. It may be aimed at stipulating the rights of the parties (what can be done), and the obligations of the parties (when should be done) should be stipulated, while the necessity should be used for compulsory obligations (what must be done).
), shall not (or shall not) be used for prohibitive obligations (do nothing). What is possible cannot be said to be something that can be done, should be done, should be done or should be done.
Do it, maybe not.
Formal contract English has a serious style, which is quite different from other English works. For example, the phrase "because" often uses "by virtue", far more than "because", and generally does not use "because"; Generally, "at the end of the fiscal year" is used instead of "at the end of the fiscal year"; Before is generally used instead of before; "About" replaces "about" with "regulation", "concern" or "relevant"; In fact, use "in effect" instead of "in fact"; "Go"
Replace "start" or "start" with "start"; "Stop doing" replaces "stop doing" with "stop doing"; The expression "when will the meeting be presided over by someone" means that the meeting will be attended and presided over by someone. "Miscellaneous" is used for "other matters" instead of "other matters/events"; "Understanding the Contract" and "Interpreting the Contract" or
"Understanding the contract" instead of "understanding the contract"; Use "thinking"
"think", use "consider" less, and don't use "think" or "believe";
The contract language of technical terms does not depend on whether people understand and accept it, which is the guarantee of accurate expression of contract language. Such as "defects", "exemption" and "force majeure" in the contract.
, "jurisdiction", "damage" and "loss" may be confusing for non-professionals. The above English expressions are defect, remedy, force majestic/act of.
God, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss. In addition, almost every contract is indispensable, for example, such ... acts, where,
It is hereby certified that here stands for the following functional words, and only a few of them will be described in detail: for example:
1. Hereby: passed; Therefore, in this way, we are equal. Often used at the beginning of legal documents and formal contract documents.
Language can also be used when it needs to be emphasized in the clause. Give an original explanation, for example, the employee hereby makes an agreement to pay the contractor.
The execution and completion of the project and the remedying of defects therein, the contract price or such other.
The amount payable at the time and manner stipulated in the contract.
Contract. Text: ★ I hereby express that for this reason, I hereby express. ★ It refers to the project in this project. ★ So ... as is a relative pronoun, equivalent to that, which. Putting the word to limited between such and as makes the term to limited very clear, thus avoiding the contract between the two parties.
There is controversy on understanding. Others include: "compensation" instead of "compensation" and "transfer" instead of "real estate transfer" and "house lease".
Lease, but stop the property, close, end the business or stop the business, instead of ending/stopping the business. The grace period of repayment or patent application is grace in English, and the composition of bankrupt parties is generally called "because of the provisions contained here" or "as stipulated here", but it is not.
According to the relevant terms and conditions in the contract, the English expression of "no party may assign this contract" is "the party within this contract may assign this contract", in which "here"
"This contract" refers to "the internal parties to this contract".
2. Sequences of synonyms, synonyms and related words
For the value received, the signatory hereby sells, transfers, assigns and assigns all rights to him,
The contract signed by the signatory and Party A on 19 _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
A copy is attached.
In English contracts, synonyms and synonyms are juxtaposed here (such as sell, transfer, assign and set over, right and tile and interest).
Very common. This is for the sake of rigor and eliminating loopholes, and some of them also belong to the fixed mode of contract terms. For example, "conclusion" and "by" in this agreement are concluded by Party A and Party B..
The two groups of "and between" belong to synonyms and related words respectively.
In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby enter into the covenants and agreements.
Agree as follows: in the sentence, "for and taking into account" and "conventions and agreements" are synonyms. Both parties agree to change management according to the terms and conditions contained in this agreement.
"According to the terms" and "subject to conditions" in the book have the same meaning, and both mean "according to the provisions of this agreement". Fixed mode of contract terms
This is the "terms and conditions"
Another example is: "Party A wishes to dissolve and dissolve the agreement from the effective date", and the meanings of "dissolution" and "dissolution" in this sentence are almost the same. The juxtaposed words are: ships and ships, support and maintenance, licenses and permits, fees, fees, costs and expenses, any and all, any duties, obligations or responsibilities, partners, their heirs, successors and assigns.
Fourth, matters needing attention in English contract translation.
Practice has proved that mistakes in English contracts are generally not big declarative clauses, but only some key details. For example, money, time,
Quantity, etc. In order to avoid mistakes, some restrictive structures are often used to define the exact scope specified in the details when translating contracts into English. A. Limited liability As we all know, the responsibilities of both parties should be clearly stipulated in the contract. The fixed structure of conjunctions and prepositions is often used to translate the scope and authority of both parties' responsibilities into English.
The most commonly used examples of this structure are as follows.
And/or often use English to translate the contents of "A and B+A or B" in the contract, so as not to miss some of them.
Exodus 1: If the above goods cause any damage to the ship and/or other goods on board, the shipper shall bear all the responsibilities. The shipper shall be responsible for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or the goods on board.
By and between is often used to emphasize that the contract is signed by both parties, so both parties must strictly fulfill their responsibilities stipulated in the contract. Example 2: The buyer and the seller agree to purchase according to the following terms.
Sell the following commodities and sign this contract. This contract is signed by the buyer and the seller, on the basis of which the buyer agrees with the buyer and the seller.
Agree to sell goods that are not approved according to the terms and conditions. B. Time-limited English translation of time-related words should be handled very strictly and carefully, because the time requirement in the contract is accurate. Therefore, when translating the start and end times into English,
The following structure is usually used to define the exact time.
Double prepositions translate English into Chinese with double prepositions, including the start and end time of today's date. Since September 20th, Party A has no right to accept any orders or receipts. On or after September 20th, Party A shall not accept any orders or collect any accounts. Our company's condition is to pay cash within 3 months, that is, no later than May 1. Our condition is to pay cash within three months, that is, not later than May 30th.
Thank you+date "translates into" no later than one day ". Exodus 5: You must ship the goods within one month from the date of signing this contract, that is, no later than 65438+February 65438+May. Party B shall ship the goods within one month from the date of signing this contract, that is, not later than.
1February 15.
The corresponding form of include. The corresponding forms of include: inclusive, included and included are often used to limit the time including the current day. Exodus 6: This letter of credit is to be negotiated in Beijing and is valid until 1+0.
This credit is valid for negotiation in Beijing until 1 month 1 (inclusive). (or this credit is valid until.
Including 1 month 1 negotiation in Beijing. ) If it does not contain 65438+ 10 month 1, it will be translated as Till and does not contain 1 month 1.
The amount with repeated capital letters must be in lowercase, and the amount in brackets must be in uppercase. Even if there is no capitalization in the original contract, it must be added in English translation.
Capitalize. Add "SAY" before capitalized words to indicate "capitalization"; Adding "only" at the end means "whole". It must be noted that the amount in lowercase and uppercase should be one.
To. Exodus 7: Party A pays Party B $500 every month. Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of USD 500 (in words: Wu Bai dollars only).
Correct use of currency symbols. When translating the amount into English, we must pay attention to distinguish and correctly use various symbols of currency names. "$" can represent both "dollar" and some other local currencies; And "
""not only represents the pound, but also the currencies of some other places. It must be noted that when the amount is written in numbers, the number of the amount must be close to the currency symbol, for example:
Can $89 1 568 cannot be written as: can $89 1 568. In addition, when translating, we should pay special attention to whether the amount is a decimal point. ) or section number (,), because both symbols are extreme.
It is easy to cause clerical errors, and the consequences of a little negligence are unimaginable.