Well, who can provide me with a complete American judicial system structure?

The outstanding feature of American court system is "dual track system", which consists of two independent and parallel systems: federal court and state court. The federal court exercises the judicial power entrusted to the federal government by the US Constitution. In the criminal field, the federal court is responsible for hearing criminal cases that violate federal laws; In the civil field, the federal court is responsible for hearing civil cases involving "federal issues" with the United States as one side, as well as jurisdictional disputes between citizens of different States. State courts have wide jurisdiction. According to the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, any law that does not explicitly grant jurisdiction to federal courts belongs to state courts. In fact, most criminal cases and most civil cases are tried by state courts.

The federal court is a unified system. It includes

1. Supreme Court,

2. 13 federal court of appeal and 94 federal district courts.

3. There are also special federal courts, such as the Claims Court, the Customs Court and the Customs and Patent Names Court.

The court system in each state is not exactly the same, but it generally includes three levels of courts:

1. Basic courts are often called trial courts or circuit courts); ;

2. The Intermediate Court is usually called the Court of Appeal or the Court of Appeal;

3. The High Court is usually called the Supreme Court, but in new york and other states, it is called the Court of Appeal. Many states also have some specialized courts, such as probate courts, juvenile courts, family relations courts and small claims courts. In addition, each city has its own court, which is mainly responsible for hearing traffic violations, juvenile delinquency, family disputes and other cases related to urban laws and regulations.

Federal judges in the United States are appointed by the president; Most judges in each state are elected, but some of them are appointed by local administrators (such as governors or mayors) or local legislatures (such as state legislatures or city councils). Generally speaking, judges of the federal and state supreme courts are called justices, and judges of the court of appeal and the court of first instance are called judges. In addition, the judges of this basic court are also called magistrates or magistrates. Although judges in the United States do not have professional titles, people sometimes see the titles of "associate" (or "assistant") judges. For example, among the nine justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, except the Chief Justice, the other eight can be called jury justices; In some state trial courts, there are assistant judges under the circuit judges. In the United States, cases of first instance are generally tried independently by a judge, while cases of appeal are tried by a collegiate bench or collegiate bench composed of several judges.

Legal English translation/archives/1950