1. What knowledge is required to study Chinese philology
Classical Chinese philology is a compulsory course for students majoring in ancient Chinese literature, ancient Chinese and other majors, and is the basis for other subsequent professional courses. Through the study of this course, you will have a relatively in-depth understanding of the form of documents, methods of organizing documents, identification of documents, characteristics and uses of various documents, etc. Use document identification, document classification and cataloging, document retrieval, etc. to organize and use documents to lay a solid foundation for solving practical problems.
The status and role of this course
"Chinese Classical Philology" is a basic course for studying the theory and application of ancient literary materials. There are so many ancient and modern Chinese and foreign literatures that it is impossible to read them all. How can we use a short time and limited energy to read the books we need most and collect the most necessary literature and materials? Philology is undoubtedly the key to getting in and getting twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, "Chinese Classical Philology" is an important course in Chinese language and literature majors in colleges and universities. As a professional basic course, it is both basic and applied.
Basic refers to basic theories, basic knowledge and basic skills. Philology lays the foundation for subsequent professional courses and for students to read literature independently in the future. Chinese language and literature students' study of philology focuses on applying what they have learned. It is an important tool for the research and development of this major, and it also focuses on cultivating students' ability to solve practical problems.
Learning purposes and requirements
Through the study of this course, you will have a comprehensive understanding of documents, understand the carrier of documents, the main forms of document formation and distribution, and the collection and dissemination of documents. Anonymous, document editions, collation, bibliography, document compilation and authenticity, understand what a book series and a series of books are, and master the use of important literary and historical reference books. In order to learn this course well, you should pay attention to the following points when studying:
(1) Focus on the key points, that is, you should firmly grasp the basic methods of using documents.
(2) It is necessary to have good learning methods and use object-based teaching methods as much as possible to allow students to have a perceptual understanding of ancient documents and thereby deepen their understanding.
(3) It is necessary to integrate theory with practice and allow students to use the knowledge they have learned to collect and review actual literature.
Learning methods for this course
In order to learn this course well, you must first have the correct learning purpose and attitude, and study for the cause of socialist modernization in our country. In your studies, you must study hard, be down-to-earth, ask for advice humbly, and persevere. When studying, we must grasp the characteristics of the diverse forms of ancient documents and their close connection with the level of ancient productivity and cultural level; we must understand the historical reasons for the loss of documents, errors and other problems, so as to consciously form a sense of identifying falsifications in actual reading; Pay attention to the connection between each part of the content and how it echoes before and after; focus on understanding, being able to ask questions, think actively, and don’t memorize by rote; pay attention to the cross-use of various methods, and don’t look at problems in isolation; it can be consolidated through practice and deepen their understanding of the theories they have learned, and cultivate their ability to discover and solve problems. In addition to studying the prescribed teaching materials, you should refer to relevant reference books. If possible, you can train your practical application ability and cultivate a rigorous scholarly style by reading older literature versions and literary and historical reference books.
PS: Dear, did I answer well! ! !
2. Classical Philology
1. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, people carved oracle bone inscriptions on tortoise shells and animal bones, so tortoise shells and animal bones can be said to be the earliest document carriers. At the same time, people also inscribed characters on bronze vessels. This kind of writing was called bronze inscriptions. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, During this period, bamboo slips, silk fabrics, and writing brushes began to be used. Cai Lun invented paper during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Chinese writing entered the era of paper. In ancient times, famous papers included rice paper. The length is self-evident.
2. Documents are all carriers of recorded knowledge. Specifically, literature is a combination of knowledge and information recorded on a certain material carrier using words, symbols, images, audio, etc. From this definition, we can see that documents have three basic attributes, namely, the knowledge, recording and materiality of documents. It has the functions of storing knowledge, transmitting and exchanging information.
Since there are many types of documents, each with its own characteristics, and the information content recorded in different types of documents also has its own emphasis, it is necessary to first understand the level, type, characteristics and other knowledge of the documents, so as to further carry out the literature retrieval. Work will be of great help.
According to the different quality and quantity of knowledge and information conveyed by documents, as well as the different processing levels, people divide documents into four levels, which are called zero-level documents, primary documents, secondary documents and tertiary documents. .
1. Zero-time documents This is a special form of intelligence information source, which mainly includes two aspects: First, the knowledge information before the formation of primary documents, that is, it has not been recorded and has not been formed into written materials. , is people's oral conversations, non-documentary intelligence information that directly affects people's sensory organs; second, is original documents that have not been disclosed to the society, that is, have not been officially published, or various books and periodicals that have not been officially published, such as Letters, manuscripts, records, notes, as well as some books and periodicals for internal use that cannot be obtained through public and formal ordering channels. Sub-documents are generally obtained through oral conversations, visiting exhibitions, participating in lectures, etc. They not only have a certain value in content, but also can make up for the shortcomings of general public documents that take a lot of time from the objective formation of information to public dissemination. 2. Primary documents are documents produced directly by people based on their own practical experience in production, scientific research, social activities, etc. They are also often called original documents (or first-level documents). The knowledge and information they record are relatively new. , specific and detailed. Primary documents are the largest, most diverse, most widely used and most influential documents in the entire document system, such as journal articles, patent documents, scientific and technological reports, conference proceedings, theses, etc. These documents have obvious characteristics such as innovation, practicality and academic nature, and are the main basis for comparative analysis of documents in scientific and technological novelty searches.
3. Secondary literature Secondary literature is also called secondary literature. It organizes, condenses, and refines a large number of scattered, scattered, and disordered primary documents into a certain logical sequence and scientific system. Arrange and store it in a systematic way for easy retrieval and utilization. Its main types include catalogs, indexes, abstracts, etc. Secondary literature has obvious collection, systematization and searchability. It collects not the primary literature itself, but the clues of primary literature in a specific range. Its importance lies in greatly reducing the time spent searching for a document. Secondary literature is the main tool used in document retrieval in novelty search work.
4. Tertiary literature Tertiary literature, also known as tertiary literature, is a document compiled by selecting a large number of relevant documents through synthesis, analysis, and research. It is usually based on a certain topic, using secondary literature retrieval to collect a large number of relevant documents, and deeply processing the content. This type of literature includes reviews, comments, comments, progress, trends, etc. These documents that comment on, summarize existing results and predict their development trends have high practical value. In the novelty search work, you can make full use of review documents that reflect the research trends in a certain field, and understand its research history, development trends, levels, etc. New point.
In short, from zero documents, primary documents, secondary documents to tertiary documents, it is a process of different levels of knowledge and information from dispersion to concentration, from disorder to order, and from extensive to refined. processing process. The quality and quantity of the information they contain are different, and their role in improving people's knowledge structure is also different. Zero- and primary documents are the most basic information sources and are the main objects of document information retrieval and utilization; secondary documents are the centralized refinement and ordering of primary documents, and are tools for document information retrieval; tertiary documents are the collection of scattered The result of comprehensive analysis and processing of zero-time literature, primary literature, and secondary literature according to the topic or knowledge category is highly concentrated literature information. It is not only the object of literature information retrieval and utilization, but also a tool for retrieving literature information. tool.
Fainted, what is engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones, bamboo slips and silk are not classical documents. The question asks you to express the carrier form, not to specify the classical name.
Fainted
3. What is literature
A carrier that records human knowledge using text, graphics, symbols, audio, video and other technical means, or it can be understood as solidified in a certain substance knowledge on the carrier. It can also be understood as the general term for all social historical materials from ancient to modern times. Now it is usually understood as the sum of various publications such as books and journals. Documents are the most effective means of recording, accumulating, disseminating and inheriting knowledge. They are the most basic and main source of information in human social activities and the most basic means of exchanging and disseminating information. Because of this, people call documents the material basis of intelligence work. At home and abroad, you can often see people equating "documentation" with "intelligence" and "philology" with "information science". Although this equivalence may not be appropriate, it reflects the role of documentation in intelligence activities and science. extremely important position.
As a carrier of human knowledge or information, documents are mainly composed of
four basic elements: information content, carrier materials, information symbols and recording methods
.
4. Common sense of phonology
Chinese phonology is the science that studies the Chinese phonetic system.
It includes ancient phonetics, modern phonetics, etymology and other disciplines. Phonology is different from phonetics: phonetics is an objective description of speech, and sometimes uses various experimental methods to demonstrate the physiological and physical phenomena of speech; phonology observes speech as a system, and studies various Interrelationships between phonetic phenomena.
Since phonetics studies speech as a physiological or physical phenomenon, there is so-called general phonetics, which describes the functions of vocal organs and the composition of various speech sounds. It is applicable to all human beings, but The specific language of each nation has its own phonetic characteristics. As for phonology, there is no "ordinary phonology" because phonology always belongs to a specific language and has significant national characteristics. The phonetic system of language A can never be the same as the phonetic system of language B.
However, phonology is closely related to phonetics. It is unimaginable that a person who does not understand the principles of pronunciation can study phonology well.
Therefore, we can say that phonetics is the basis of phonology. Chinese phonology has a tradition of more than a thousand years and has its own set of theories and terminology.
We should use modern phonetic theories and terminology to explain it. We cannot abandon ancient theories and terminology because we must inherit the cultural heritage of phonology.
Why should we study Chinese phonology? We study modern Chinese phonology in order to understand the strict and systematic nature of modern Chinese pronunciation, so as to better master the pronunciation of modern Chinese, which is beneficial to language practice. We study ancient Chinese phonology because it is a linguistic department closely related to the history of the Chinese language.
It is necessary to study the phonology of ancient Chinese in depth first, and then it is possible to study the history of the development of Chinese phonetics. Phonology is also closely related to philology.
There is philology in a narrow sense and philology in a broad sense. The former specializes in studying the form of characters; the latter studies the shape, pronunciation and meaning of characters.
In a broad sense, phonology is also included in philology. The old name of philology is "elementary school", which was originally a literacy exercise.
Ancient scholars believed that reading must first be literate, because the era of some ancient books is far away from modern times. The characters in the books are all different in terms of shape, pronunciation and meaning. Many of them are unknown to us. Moreover, the shape and pronunciation of Chinese characters are organically connected. If you do not understand the ancient pronunciation, you will not understand the ancient glyphs and meanings, or you will not understand them thoroughly.
The ancients regarded characters (character shapes), phonology (character sounds), and exegesis (character meanings) as the basic knowledge necessary to inherit the cultural heritage of the motherland, which makes sense. Traditional Chinese phonology has always been considered a difficult knowledge, even called a "unique knowledge".
In fact, if the ancient phonological theory and terminology are compared and explained with the modern phonetic theory and terminology, it will become easier to understand, and even easy to understand. Of course, due to the limitations of the times, there are also some vague and even wrong theories in traditional phonology, as well as some mysterious terms that lack scientific basis. In this small book, we may criticize them. , or simply omit it.
We strive to make Chinese phonology more simple, but at the same time, we cannot compromise its scientific nature just because we require simplicity. I hope this small book can connect the past and the present and enable readers to gain a more comprehensive basic knowledge of Chinese phonology.
The Function of Phonology Chinese phonology is closely related to the history of the Chinese language, Chinese dialectology, exegesis, archeology, collation, Chinese classical literature, ancient history, ancient philology, and the compilation of ancient books. Contact has many functions. Below we mainly talk about the functions of Chinese phonology from four aspects.
1. Chinese phonology is the prerequisite for establishing the history of the Chinese language. It is necessary to study Chinese phonetics, point out the characteristics and development rules of Chinese phonetics, and guide the learning and use of Chinese to ensure that Chinese develops in a healthy and correct direction. It is impossible not to establish the history of Chinese phonetics. To establish the history of Chinese phonetics, we must first study the tone, rhyme, and tone systems of Chinese in various historical periods. For example, what is the tone, rhyme, and tone system of Chinese in the Pre-Qin period, what is the tone, rhyme, and tone system of Chinese in the Sui and Tang dynasties, what is the tone, rhyme, and tone system of Chinese in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties? What was the tone, rhyme, and tone system of Chinese during the period, etc.
Only by clarifying the appearance of the sound, rhyme, and tone systems in these different historical periods, and exploring the connections and development rules among them, can we talk about the establishment of the history of Chinese phonetics. And we must know the various periods of Chinese The status of sound, rhyme, and tone must rely on the study of phonology. Mr. Wang Li's "History of Chinese Phonetics" was written on the basis of the research results of Chinese phonology. Its outstanding feature is that it displays the sound, rhyme system and onomatopoeia in various historical stages of Chinese in more detail, and points out the Chinese phonetics. certain laws of development.
2. Phonology is essential knowledge for dialect research. Chinese dialectology is a science that studies the local spoken languages ??of Chinese. To conduct in-depth research on dialects, we have to involve the history of dialects. Only by finding out the basis for the characteristics of dialects from a historical perspective can we understand the origins of dialects and provide scientific explanations for the characteristics and evolution of dialects. ; Therefore, to engage in dialect research, you must have certain phonological knowledge.
For example, the word "curtain" is pronounced as [mu?] in Beijing dialect, while it is pronounced as [m?k?] in Meixian dialect of Guangdong. Why do Beijingers and Meixian people pronounce the word "curtain" differently? Make such a big difference? As long as you have some knowledge of phonology, you will know that both Beijing dialect and Meixian dialect are derived from the ancient sounds of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "curtain" belonged to the rhyme of "Duo", with a stop sound ending in [k], and the onomatopoeic sound was [mɑk].
The reason why Beijingers pronounce "curtain" as [mu?] is because by the Yuan Dynasty, the entry rhyme endings of most northern dialects had fallen off. Big changes have taken place. The reason why people in Meixian Province pronounce "curtain" as [m?k?] is because the phenomenon of falling off the rhyme ending of the incoming tone has not happened in Meixian dialect so far. Due to the stabilizing effect of the stop consonant rhyme ending, the change in the rhyme ventral is very small. .
To conduct dialect research, dialect investigation is generally indispensable. To conduct dialect investigation, you need to go to the dialect area in person to conduct oral interviews, listening, taking notes, and doing static analysis and description work. This also requires knowledge of phonology. . It is inevitable to ask for any books on dialect investigation.
5. What does literature mean?
What is literature?
A carrier that records human knowledge using text, graphics, symbols, audio, video and other technical means. , or understood as knowledge solidified on a certain material carrier. Now it is usually understood as the sum of various publications such as books and journals. Documents are the most effective means of recording, accumulating, disseminating and inheriting knowledge. They are the most basic and main source of information in human social activities and the most basic means of exchanging and disseminating information.
Because of this, people call documents the material basis of intelligence work. At home and abroad, you can often see people equating "documentation" with "intelligence" and "philology" with "information science". Although this equivalence may not be appropriate, it reflects the role of documentation in intelligence activities and science. extremely important position.
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