1, the first plane was born.
From 1900 to 1902, the two brothers made more than 1000 gliding test flights, and finally made the first manned aircraft "Flyer" 1 in 1903, and the test flight was successful. Therefore, they won the honorary award of 1909 from the US Congress. In the same year, they established Wright Aircraft Company. This is a great success in the history of aircraft development.
2. The invention of the dual-engine system
19 1 1 year, British short brothers applied for several engine design patents. Their dual-engine system allows every pilot not to worry about the plane descending due to engine shutdown. This is a significant progress in aviation safety. People call the first plane made according to Short's patent "3? 2-inch plane.
3. The application of gyro technology
From 1927 to 1932, the development of cockpit instruments and navigation equipment has made progress, and gyro technology has been applied to flight instruments. The rotating flywheel mounted on the gimbal can keep its orientation in space, so it becomes the basis of various navigation instruments to guide drivers to fly in the night, rain and snow.
4, artificial horizon, gyro magnetic compass indicator and geomagnetic induction compass
At this time, an artificial horizon appeared in the plane, which can indicate the flying height of the plane to the pilot; Gyro magnetic compass indicator, the compass is engraved with degrees, which can display the change of course at any time; Geomagnetic induction compass, it is not affected by a large number of iron things often carried on the plane, nor by vibration and the earth's magnetic field. In addition, there are radio beams indicating the course.
5. The first flight simulator
1930, Edwin, USA? Link invented the first flight simulator and named it "Link Trainer" after himself. Although there are technical defects, it has demonstrated the advantages of repeated emergency action training safely and economically without using real machines.
6. The earliest jet engine
19101210, at the Paris exhibition, an airplane crashed while performing. The designer is a Romanian named Henry? Coanda. The engine he designed is a 50-horsepower engine, in which the fan pushes the air backward, and at the same time, an afterburner is added to make the gas fully expand in the tail nozzle, thus increasing the reverse thrust. This is the earliest jet engine.
7. Jet plane
In the late 1930s, the maximum horizontal flight speed of piston-driven propeller aircraft reached 700 kilometers per hour, and it was close to the sound speed when diving. Aoan, a German designer, was the first person to successfully develop a new engine. 1934 Aoan obtained the patent of centrifugal turbojet engine. 1939 On August 27th, Aoan made a He- 178 jet with his engine.
8. Jet plane
194710 June 14, in Sangerfield, California, USA, Bell Company tested a plane that could break through the sound barrier. In the morning 10, a huge B-29 bomber took off, and a small plane with a strange shape hung under the cabin. This small plane was named X- 1 rocket plane. Although the test flight was successful, this record was not recognized because the X- 1 aircraft did not take off by its own power.
9. Practical helicopters
1939 On September 4th, the world's first practical helicopter was born. That is the VS-300 helicopter successfully developed by Sikorsky Company, an American engineer. Sikorsky was originally from Russia and moved to the United States on 1930. The VS-300 helicopter he made has 1 main rotor and 3 tail rotors. Later, after many test flights, the 3-tail rotor was changed to 1, and this practical helicopter became the originator of modern helicopters.
10, injection turbine shaft section
Before the mid-1950s, the power plant of helicopter was in the period of piston engine, and then it entered the period of jet turbine shaft. Rotor material structure technology has gone through several stages: metal-wood wing mixed structure in 1940s-1950s, metal structure in 1950s-1960s, glass fiber structure in 1960s-1970s, and new composite structure developed after 1970s.
1 1, passenger aircraft and turbofan engines
In the 1920s, airplanes began to carry passengers. At the beginning of World War II, the United States began to convert a large number of transport planes into passenger planes. Since the 1960s, some large transport planes and supersonic transport planes have appeared in the world, and turbofan engines have gradually become popular.
Since the invention of the airplane, it has become an indispensable means of transportation for modern civilization. It profoundly changes and affects people's lives.
Due to the invention of the airplane, the time for human beings to travel around the world has been greatly shortened. The first round-the-world trip was completed in16th century. At that time, the Portuguese Magellan led a fleet from Spain, which took three years to cross the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, circle the earth and return to Spain.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, it took a Frenchman 43 days to travel around the world by train. After the invention of the airplane, people made another round-the-world trip at 1949. A B-50 bomber flew 37,700 kilometers around the earth in just 94 hours after four beautiful aerial refueling. It is better to be strong than not.
After the supersonic plane appeared, people flew higher and faster. 1979, Englishman spector flew 36,900 kilometers in only 14 hours and 6 minutes. The intricate routes around the earth connect all countries in the world, providing people with convenient and fast passenger transportation.
As early as the 1920s, air transport started regular flights to transport passengers and mail. The invention of aircraft also made the air transport industry develop unprecedentedly, and many raw materials needed for industrial development had new sources and channels, greatly reducing people's dependence on local natural resources. Especially after the birth of supersonic aircraft, air transportation has become more prosperous.
The role of aircraft in modern warfare is even more amazing. It can be used not only for reconnaissance and bombing, but also for early warning, anti-submarine and mine clearance. In the Gulf War that broke out in the early 1990s, the great power of airplanes was obvious to all.
Of course, the military application of aircraft has also brought great disasters to mankind and caused devastating damage to human civilization. But the peaceful use of aircraft is the original intention of human beings to invent aircraft.
Extended data
1, aircraft restricted
When the plane flies in the sky, it must follow a certain route, which is equivalent to the road on the ground. Because the pilot should master the necessary meteorological, terrain, navigation and other information during the flight to ensure the safety of the aircraft. Especially over the airport, the density of aircraft is the highest, taking off, landing and passing through the air.
In such a space with heavy air traffic, if the plane flies at will, there will be a crowded collision accident. Therefore, a specific area has been set up over the airport, and the aircraft flying in this area must strictly abide by the regulations and fly according to the route designated by the air traffic controller.
In addition, in order to ensure the need of military aviation for airspace, an airspace should be designated as a restricted area or a military control area. Therefore, the routes that our aircraft can fly are also very limited, and they are not flying casually.
2, the height limit of flight
All kinds of aircraft have different performances, and the altitude suitable for these aircraft to fly is also different.
For example, after taking off, a jumbo jet must quickly rise to a height of more than 7000 meters. Flying at this altitude is fuel-efficient and fast, but the maximum altitude cannot exceed13000m. If it flies upwards, its engine capacity will be insufficient. The range of small and medium-sized aircraft is below 7000 meters. The flying height of supersonic passenger aircraft is between13000m and18000m.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-airplane