What was the name of an ancient lawyer?

The title of lawyer in ancient times: "judge" is also "litigant". There are dozens of stories about famous "judges" in Qing Dynasty. They cheat and conspire, violate the law and discipline, collude with officials and businessmen, take all the lawsuits, and often win the lawsuits with incredible intelligence. Their roles are similar to those of modern lawyers, but they are better than modern lawyers in using knives, pens and techniques.

Ancient judge rank

The emperor is the highest justice;

Zhou dynasty: the central government-big sheep herder, small sheep herder, judge;

Qin dynasty: the central government set up Tingwei, and the local governors were in charge;

Han dynasty: the central government was generally dealt with by the prime minister, the imperial censor and Ting Wei; Ting Wei is a special organization, which consists of a supervisor, a supervisor, a supervisor and a rights supervisor.

The History of the Three Kingdoms Jin Dynasty: Attacking the Eastern Han Dynasty;

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Dali Temple (Qing Dynasty) was located in the center, and the Ministry of Punishment (Shangshu) was in charge of the Yushitai.

Song Dynasty: The central Song Dynasty inherited from the Tang Dynasty, and the local government was set up, with military, administrative and judicial harmony;

Yuan dynasty: the central government set up a big government office, a censorate and a courtyard.

Ming dynasty: three divisions-punishments, Dali Temple (Qing Dynasty) and Duchayuan;

Qing Dynasty: The central government set up the Ministry of Punishment, Duchayuan and Dali Temple, and the local government set up county departments, prefects, courtiers, governors and governors.

Central Committee: Generally, all emperors have the highest judicial power.

Zhou appointed big Scott as the highest judicial officer.

The highest judicial official in Qin and Han Dynasties was Ting Wei.

During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the highest judicial officer was still Ting Wei, but the Soochow in the Three Kingdoms was called Dali Kingdom, the Northern Zhou Dynasty was called Da Sikou, and the Northern Qi Dynasty was called Dali Temple Minister. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a department in charge of justice under the stage of Shangshu.

In the Tang Dynasty, the director of Dali Temple was in charge of the central judicial power, trying cases of official crimes and prison sentences above the governor's level, and had the right to retry difficult cases transferred by the local death penalty and the Ministry of Punishment; The minister of punishments is responsible for judicial administration and examination, similar to the position of modern minister of justice.

In Song Dynasty, the ministers of punishments still held the power of judicial administration and judicial review, but Cao around punishments could try other cases, and his power was expanded. There is a trial court in Song Taizu, whose functions and powers are to record cases reported by local authorities and have the right to comment on cases. In Song Shenzong, the trial court was incorporated into the Department of Punishment. At this time, the status of Dali Temple declined and it became a second-line judicial organ, that is, a review organ.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the methods of sentencing by the Ministry of Punishment and reexamination by Dali Temple were still used.

Location:

Generally speaking, in ancient China, local administrative officials had judicial power, such as county, state and government officials. , which is more special:

In the Song Dynasty, the Criminal Prison Department was established in prefectures and counties as the judicial organ of the central government in various places. Its chief officials regularly patrol counties, supervise trials and record prisoners in detail, and can supervise local officials' trial irregularities, and punish them immediately, and report them to the emperor for ruling.

In the Ming dynasty, the provinces set up sentencing supervision departments, and the chief executive was the chief procurator of the sentencing supervision institute, who had the right to conclude imprisonment cases, and the above cases of exile should be reported to the central government for approval and implementation; There is no judicial power at the government level, but it is a link between the preceding and the following, reviewing cases reported by counties; The county level has the right to conclude the case of moss sticks. The judicial trial system in Ming Dynasty is the "ancient" trial system that we are most familiar with. That is, "the trial of county officials, the second trial of state officials, the trial of magistrate, the final trial of provincial judges and the final trial of emperor punishments"

The Qing dynasty was slightly different. The county level is the first instance level, and the moss stick is fixed. The government is the second instance, responsible for the review; Judges are at the third trial level, death penalty, military desertion, etc. Must be reported for execution; As the fourth trial level, the governor can close the case and imprison, but above the military flow, it still needs to be reported to the Ministry of Punishment.

The law revision movement in the late Qing dynasty absorbed the modern judicial system, but it is not complete and will not be repeated here. . The emperor is the highest justice;