London , the capital of Great Britain, southeast England, on both sides of the Thames River. The Greater London area (population 1991: 6,378,600), covering an area of ??approximately 620 square miles (1,610 km2), is organized by the City of London Corporation (population 1991: 4,000) (commonly known as the City of London) and consists of 32 districts. The City of London is the old city of London and the commercial center of the modern city; also known as the "square mile" due to its "high density". The City of London is the old city of London and the commercial center of the modern city; it is also known as the "Square Mile" because of its large area. The 12 inner boroughs surrounding the City of London include Westminster, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Hamlet, Greenwich, Lewisham, Southwark, Lambeth, Wandsworth, Harbin Mersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea. The 20 outer boroughs include Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Havering, Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Thames-on-Thames Kingston, Richmond upon Thames, Houslow, Hammersmith and Fulham. Thames, Schoenslow, Hillington, Ealing, Brent, Harrow, Barnet, Haringey and Enfield. The Greater London area includes the former County of London, most of the former County of Middlesex, and most of the former County of Middlesex. The Greater London area includes the former counties of London, most of the former counties of Middlesex, and the former counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire. Each borough in Greater London elects a council.
The Greater London Council continued to manage the Greater London area until the Thatcher government abolished the Greater London Council in 1986, making London a unique world metropolis. The Greater London Council governed the Greater London area until 1986 when it was abolished by Thatcher's government, making London the only metropolis in the world to have no central administrative unit. In 1999, the Greater London Governance Act re-established a single local governing body for Greater London, consisting of the elected Mayor and the London Council.
Economy
London is one of the world's most important financial, commercial, industrial and cultural centers. The Bank of England, Lloyds Bank, the Stock Exchange and many other banks and investment companies are headquartered in London, mainly in the City of London, but also increasingly in Cannes. The Bank of England, Lloyds Bank, the Stock Exchange and many other banks and investment companies have their headquarters in Cannes, mainly in the City of London, but also increasingly in Canary Wharf. The financial services industry is a major source of overall employment in London. It exports manufactured goods and imports petroleum, tea, wool, raw sugar, timber, butter, metals and meat. London produced consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry and stationery, but the once-dominant textiles, furniture, printing and other industries lost significant employment opportunities. The city produces consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry and stationery, but the once-dominant textile, furniture, printing and chemical processing industries have lost large numbers of jobs as businesses have moved outward. The city is a road, rail and air hub (its airports include Heathrow and Gatwick) and is now connected to mainland Europe by high-speed rail. London is a road, rail and air hub (its airports include Heathrow and Gatwick) and is now connected to the European continent via high-speed rail under the English Channel. The most famous streets in London are Fleet Street, Strand, Piccadilly, Whitehall, Pall Mall, and Downing Street. and Lombard Street.
Bond Street, Regent Street and Covent Garden are famous for their shops. Buckingham Palace is the residence of London's royal family. Municipal parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park (which houses London Zoo) and St John's Park. Municipal parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park (which houses London Zoo), and St. James's Park and Green Park. Museums include the British Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, National Gallery, Tate Gallery, Wallace Collection, Institute of Contemporary Art and Saachi Gallery. London also has numerous commercial art galleries and plays an important role in the international art market.
The British Library, located in London, is one of the world's most important reference resources. London also has a wealth of arts and cultural activities. The importance of theater is reflected in approximately 100 theater companies, and it is also home to several world-class symphony orchestras, renowned opera houses and the largest theater companies in the world. The city is also rich in other arts and cultural activities. The importance of theater is reflected in some 100 theater companies, and it is also home to several world-class symphony orchestras, renowned opera houses, performance halls and clubs. The University of London is the largest university in the UK, and there are other universities and colleges in the city. The state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is headquartered in London, where most of the UK's national newspapers are published. Sporting events attract large numbers of Londoners, who follow cricket, football (at Wembley Stadium) and tennis (including Wimbledon).
History
Little is known about London before 61 AD. According to the records of the Roman historian Tacitus, Queen Boadicea was His followers rebelled and massacred the residents of London. The Roman Empire soon resumed its rule and built the first city wall, which remains in ruins to this day. In the 5th century AD, the Roman legions finally withdrew and London disappeared. Celts, Saxons and Danes fought over the area until London was destroyed in the 5th century AD. It was not until 886 that London again became a stronghold under the firm control of King Alfred, who re-established the city against William I. In 1066, London offered some resistance to William I, But he then treated the city well. During his reign, the White Tower, the core of London, was built east of the city wall. The city developed both commercially and politically during the reign of the Normans and the Plantarnets (see Great Britain). The city developed both commercially and politically during the reigns of the Normans and Plantarnets (see Britannia), and acquired a kind of municipal government during the reign of Richard I (1189-99) form, on the basis of which modern city companies developed. In 1215 King John granted the city the right to elect a mayor annually.
Medieval guilds took control of municipal affairs and grew large enough to restrict trade to the free men of the city. Today the guild has 80 member companies and its members have been voters in London municipal elections. Medieval London established the courts of law and Westminster Abbey. By the 14th century, London had become the political capital of England. London has become the political capital of England. London played no active role in the Wars of the Roses (15th century).
During the reign of Elizabeth I, London's wealth, power and influence reached their peak, becoming the undisputed cultural center of the English Renaissance. This was the age of Shakespeare (and the Globe Theatre) and the beginnings of overseas trading companies such as the Moscow Company.
With the arrival of the Stuarts to the Renaissance (1603), London became the center of English Renaissance culture. With the accession of the Stuarts to the throne (1603), London became embroiled in a struggle with the crown for its democratic prerogatives, culminating in the English Civil War. With the accession of the Stuarts to the throne (1603), the city became embroiled in a struggle with the crown for democratic privileges, culminating in the English Civil War.
In 1665, the Great Plague killed about 75,000 people. Christopher Wren played a huge role in the city's reconstruction. He designed more than 51 churches, notably the rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral. Other notable churches include the Gothic Cathedral. Other notable churches include the Gothic Southwark Cathedral, St Paul's (1633; designed by Inigo-Jones), St Martin-in-the-Fields (18th century) and Westminster Abbey. Much of London's business activity, as well as literary and political discussions, took place in coffeehouses, the forerunners of modern clubs. London Bridge, built in the 10th century AD, was the only bridge across the Thames until the opening of Westminster Bridge in 1750. Several other bridges were built since the 18th century; Tower Bridge was completed in 1894.
In the 19th century, London began a period of extraordinary development.
In the 19th century, London began a period of extraordinary development. Today's Greater London area had a population of approximately 1.1 million in 1801; by 1851, the population had increased to 2.7 million, and by 1901 to 6.6 million. During the Victorian era, London gained great prominence as the capital of the British Empire and a cultural and intellectual center. Britain's liberal political institutions and intellectual climate made London a safe haven for those who were unsafe at home. Many politically controversial figures including the Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, the Russian Aleksandr Herzen and the German Karl Marx lived in London.
During World War II, many buildings in central London were destroyed or damaged in air raids. These include the Guildhall (the scene of the Mayor's sixteenth birthday), the Museum of Modern Art, London, the Museum of Modern Art, London, and the Museum of Modern Art, London. These include City Hall (the venue for the Mayor's banquets and other public events), 10 Downing Street, the Prime Minister's official residence, the Courts of Justice, Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament, the London Museum of Art and the London Galleries. 10 Downing Street, the official residence of the Prime Minister; the courts; Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament; St. George's Cathedral; and the great halls of many ancient noble companies. Today, government agencies are building many new office buildings and apartment complexes here. The development of London in the 20th century was extensively planned. One of its distinctive features is the introduction of the concept of "green belts" to shield certain areas from dense urban development. In 1982, a tax-free zone was created in the Docklands area of ??East End's Tower Hamlet area to stimulate development. While the financial center of Canary Wharf, including the Lower East Side, was built by government authorities, London's development during the 20th century was extensively planned. Although Canary Wharf Financial Center (with its futuristic Lloyds building, opened in 1986) was initially slow to fill, it now rivals the City of London.
London's population is ethnically and culturally diverse, with a large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries. South Asians, West Indians, Africans and Middle Easterners make up the majority of the population. South Asians, West Indians, Africans and Middle Easterners make up the majority of the immigrant population. The city has one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in India and the largest Sikh temple outside India; there are also many mosques, including one of the largest in Europe. Following the redevelopment of London's central government (2000), London built the egg-shaped City Hall (2002) on the south bank of the Thames opposite the Tower of London. The city was the site of the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics and would be the site of the 1908 and 1948 Olympic Games.
London, the capital of Great Britain, southeast of England, on both sides of the Thames River. The Greater London area (population 1991, 6,378,600), covering an area of ??approximately 620 square miles (1,610 km2), consists of the City of London (population, 1991, 4,000), commonly known as the City of London. The City of London consists of the City of London (population 4000 in 1991) and 32 boroughs, often referred to as the City of London. The City of London is the old town of London and the commercial center of the modern city; it is also known as the "square mile" because of its large area. 12 inner boroughs surround the city, including Westminster Abbey, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tower Bridge, Greenwich, Lewisham, Southwark, Lambeth, Wandsworth, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea. 20 outer boroughs: Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Havering, Gate and Dagenham, Newham, Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Thames Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames, Hunslow, Hillingdon, Ealing, Brent, Harrow, Barnet, Haringey and Enfield. The Greater London area includes the former counties of London and Middlesex as well as the former counties of Surrey, Kent, Essex and Hertfordshire. Each borough is elected by the Greater London Council.
The Greater London Council governed the Greater London area until 1986, when the Thatcher government abolished it, leaving London as a unique cosmopolitan city with no central governing body. In 1999, the Greater London Governance Act re-established a single local governing body for Greater London, consisting of an elected Mayor and the London Council. An election was held in 2000 and Ken Livingstone became London's first democratically elected mayor.
Economy
London is the world's most important financial, commercial, industrial and cultural center. The Bank of England, Lloyds Bank, the Stock Exchange and many other banks and investment companies are headquartered in London, mainly in the City of London, but increasingly also in Canary Wharf. The financial services industry is the main source of total employment in London.
London remains the world's largest port. It exports manufactured goods and imports petroleum, tea, wool, raw sugar, timber, butter, metals and meat. Consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry and stationery are produced here, but some jobs have been lost in the production process and companies that once dominated the textile, furniture, printing and chemical processing industries have moved out of the area. Engineering and scientific research are also important to the economy, as is tourism. The city is a hub for road, rail and air (including London Heathrow and Gatwick airports) and is now connected to mainland Europe by high-speed rail lines under the English Channel.
Places of Interest
The most famous streets in London are Fleet Street, East Street, Piccadilly Street, Whitehall, Pomeranian Street, Downing Street and Lombard Street. 007, Regent Street and Covent Garden are all famous shopping areas. Buckingham Palace is the residence of London's royal family. City parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park (which houses London Zoo), and St. James's Park and Green Park. Museums include the British Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, National Gallery, Tate Gallery, Wallace collection, Institute of Contemporary Art and Saachi Gallery. London also has numerous commercial art galleries and plays an important role in the international art market.
The British Library, located in London, is one of the world's most important reference resources. London offers a wide range of arts and other cultural activities. There are approximately 100 theater companies in London, with several world-class symphony orchestras, famous opera houses, performance halls and clubs. A replica of Shakespeare's Globe Theater opened in 1997.
University London is the largest city in the world in Great Britain, along with other colleges and universities. The state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is headquartered in London, where most national newspapers publish news. New Scotland Yard is synonymous with criminal investigation and is located in London. Sporting events attract large numbers of supporters from London, who follow cricket, football (at Wembley Stadium) and tennis (including Wimbledon).
History
According to the Roman historian Tacitus, before 61 AD in London, followers of Queen Boadicea launched a rebellion and massacred Residents of the Roman fortress of Londinium. The Roman authorities restored and built the first city wall as quickly as possible, the remaining parts of which still exist today. In the final retreat of the Roman legions, London's losses exceeded the fifth. London disappeared without a trace. The area was disputed by the Celts, Saxons and Danes, but it was not until 886 that London became an important city again, controlled by a company of King Alfred, who rebuilt Denmark people's fortifications and empowering city governments.
In 1066, London offered some resistance to William I, but he later took over the city as well. During the reign of William I, the White Tower was built on the east side of the city wall, which is the core of the Tower of London. During the reigns of the Normans and the Chrysanthemums (see England) the city's commerce continued to develop, and during the political reign of Richard I (1189-1199) the city gained some form of municipal government, to develop modern enterprises in the city. In 1215 King John granted the city the right to elect a mayor each year.
Medieval ruling groups controlled municipal affairs and grew stronger, restricting trade to the city's freemen. Today the industry continues in 80 painting companies, whose members are elected by voters in London municipal elections. London saw the foundations of medieval buildings such as the Court of Justice and Westminster Abbey. until around the 14th century. London became the political capital of England. It played no active role in the Wars of the Roses (15th century onward). ).
The reign of Elizabeth I in London brought great wealth, power and influence and became the undisputed center of English Renaissance culture. This was the era of Shakespeare (the Globe Theatre) and the beginnings of overseas trading companies such as the Duck Company. With the Stuart succession (1603), the city represented its democratic prerogatives in the struggle for the throne that ultimately led to the English Civil War.
In 1665, the Great Plague killed about 75,000 people. The fire in September 1666 lasted for five days and nearly destroyed the city. Sir Christopher Wren played a huge role in the city's redevelopment. He designed over 51 churches, notably the reconstruction of St. Paul's Cathedral. Other notable churches include the Gothic Southwark Cathedral, St Paul's (1633; designed by Inigo-Jones), St Martin's (18th century) and Westminster Abbey. ) and Westminster Abbey. Much of London's business activity, as well as literary and political discussions, took place in the coffeehouses of the pioneer modern clubs. London Bridge was not first built until 1750, when Westminster Bridge was opened to traffic. It is the only bridge across the Thames. Other bridges that have been built since 18 include the Tower Bridge, which was built in 1894.
19 years. London began a period of extraordinary growth. In 1801, the population of Greater London was approximately 1.1 million, by 1851 the population had increased to 2.7 million, and by 1901 the population had increased to 6.6 million. During the Victorian era, London gained great reputation and capital as the cultural and intellectual center of the British Empire. Britain's liberal political system and intellectual climate make London a haven for those who are insecure in the country.
Many politically controversial figures such as Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, Russian Alexander Herzen, and German Karl Marx once lived in London. a long time.
During World War II, many buildings in central London were destroyed or damaged in air raids. These buildings include the Town Hall (for mayoral banquets and other public events), the Prime Minister's official residence at 10 Downing Street, the Advocate's College, Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament, St George's Cathedral and the many great halls of the Ancient Painting Company . Today, government authorities have built many new office buildings and residential apartment buildings here. London has grown over 20 years. Extensive planning has been undertaken. A distinctive feature is the concept of "green belts" that shield certain areas from dense urban development. In 1982, to promote development, London created a duty-free zone, the Tower Bridge area at the eastern end of the Docklands. Although the Canary Wharf financial center (which will house the future Lloyds Bank and opened in 1986) developed slowly at first, it has now become a rival to London.
London is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural city with a large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries. Immigrant populations from South Asia, the West Indies, Africa and the Middle East were also large. London is home to the largest Hindu temple complex in the world and the largest Sikh temple outside India, as well as many mosques, including the largest in Europe. Following the redevelopment of the city's central government (2000), London built its own egg-shaped Town Hall (2002) on the south bank of the Thames opposite the Tower of London. London was the site of the 1908 and 1948 Summer Olympics and will be the site of the 2012 Summer Olympics.