Lin Yuan, also known as Yuan Shikai's Tomb and Yuan Gonglin, was founded in June 19 16 and completed in June/918, covering an area of more than 90,000 square meters. It is a famous military and political figure in China at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai, the first president of the Republic of China, and his wife Yu, a large mausoleum combining Chinese and Western styles.
Lin Yuan is located in Taipingzhuang, the north bank of Shengli Road, Beiguan District, Anyang City, Henan Province, surrounded by water in the south, Han Mausoleum in the north, Yudao in the east and Jingguang in the west.
According to the pattern of tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the mausoleum adopts a combination of Chinese and Western techniques, with China's classical traditional modeling as the main body and western architectural style, with ancient and modern coexistence and different styles. It is a pioneering example of China Mausoleum Architecture, which has a special position in the history of China Mausoleum Architecture, and the current architectural pattern is basically well preserved.
Lin Yuan was announced by the People's Government of Henan Province on June 5, 2006 at 5438+0982,165438+1,and on March 5, 2006 at 5438+03 by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit, and on June 20/kloc-0.
Lin Yuan was built by the government of the Republic of China from 19 16 to 19 18, covering an area of nearly 139 mu (about 927 13 square meters) and costing about 720,000 yuan.
The scale of the building complex is slightly smaller, imitating the Ming and Qing Tombs, while the Yuan Tombs are modeled after the tombs along the Grant River, which is a unique European style with cement inside and stone walls outside. The buildings such as Zhaobi, Paifang, Monument Pavilion, East-West Annex Hall, Jingrentang, and Tomb Terrace are distributed with Shinto as the central axis, and the layout is rigorous and patchwork, which not only inherits the traditional building regulations of China, but also absorbs the western architectural style, forming the architectural features of cemeteries with different styles. Lin Yuan is now a national key cultural relic protection unit and one of the few remaining official buildings in Henan Province.
Lin Yuan takes Shinto as its central axis and stretches for two kilometers from north to south. The huge zhaobi is located at the southernmost tip of Lin Yuan. The interior of the zhaobi is decorated with brick carving patterns, which is exquisite, solemn and elegant. It is the largest and most exquisite existing zhaobi in China.
Bypassing Zhaobi, heading north along Shinto, and passing through the rough stone bridge and Baiqing stone bridge, another large architectural archway in Lin Yuan comes into view. Different from the traditional wood and stone structure, the archway in Lin Yuan is made of reinforced lime, which is extremely rare in the architectural history of China Mausoleum. At that time, in order to build this mausoleum, Beiyang government specially imported a large amount of cement from Japan. Today, this towering archway with six columns and five floors stands in the center of Shinto. At the top of each of its pillars, there is a beast with a big mouth and looking up at the sky, which adds a bit of mystery, majesty and strength to the building.
On both sides of the archway, marble columns and stone statues are far opposite. The watchtower is the symbol of the Yuan Mausoleum, which is 10 feet high and stands on the pedestal. The pillar has six sides and is covered with decorative patterns. The above patterns are called "chapters", because there are twelve kinds of * * *, so they are called "twelve chapters". The Twelve Chapters pattern is a traditional imperial pattern in China. It is centered on the tortoise and surrounded by different patterns such as the sun, moon, stars and dragons. After carving by masons, * * * formed a rare relief masterpiece.
The civil and military Weng Zhong on both sides of Shinto can best reflect the characteristics of the Lin Yuan era. They are life-size, slightly fat, and they are completely the costumes of Yuan Shikai during his administration. The civil servant has a flat crown on his head, wears a big dress to worship the sky, stands with his hands folded, and looks respectful; Military attache dressed in Beiyang military uniform, wearing a belt around his waist, holding-,commanding, * * * guarding Lin Yuan. This article is a martial arts article with distinctive characteristics of the times, which not only reflects people's aesthetic concept at that time, but also fully embodies the etiquette style of Yuan Shikai's period.
Monument Pavilion is one of the most important buildings in Lin Yuan. It is three rooms wide, and in the pavilion lies a huge stone carving called _ _. Legend has it that the dragon gave birth to nine sons, each with his own interests. One of them likes to carry a load, so people arrange for him to carry a monument. On this 5.5-meter-high tombstone, several dragons were carved and soared in the clouds, showing the unusual identity of the tomb owner. On the front of the tombstone, there are nine vigorous Chinese characters "Tomb of yuangong Shikai, the Great President", which were inscribed by Yuan Shikai's good friend Xu Shichang.
Turning the pavilion, I came to the front of the hall. Courtyard is the most important place to hold sacrificial activities in Lin Yuan. The gate of the main hall is a building on the top of a hill with a single eaves, covered with green glazed tiles and three rooms wide. There are seven rows of horizontal and vertical copper doornails on each door panel at the entrance of the hall. It not only plays a role in decorating the facade, but also embodies a strict hierarchy, indicating that its owner is a powerful person with less than one person and more than ten thousand people, although it is one level lower than the emperor in the Forbidden City.
After passing the gate, he entered the yard. Siheyuan is a group of quadrangle-style buildings, which consists of Jingrentang and East and West Annex halls. Jingrentang is in the middle, where Yuan Shikai was sacrificed. There is an altar, a coffin and Yuan Shikai's sword belt. As a rest place for other senior officials, the East-West Annex Hall is relatively simple in furnishings. In the Shinto center in the hospital, a bronze tripod furnace with wind mill was originally displayed, but it was lost before liberation, leaving only a white marble base.
Through the courtyard, it is the tomb of Yuan Shikai. When I came here, my eyes suddenly opened up. Very different from the previous scene, very European. Roman-style columns, iron gates made of mud and iron, and tombs made of bluestone are in sharp contrast with the buildings in front. The iron gate in front of the tomb is shaped like a "mountain", made of mud iron and embedded between the white stone pillars of the west colonnade. There is an octagonal badge at the top of the iron gate, and the center of the badge is still twelve chapters, which repeatedly emphasizes the unique identity of the tomb owner. The tomb is round, rising three steps, surrounded by twelve stone lions, showing a majestic trend.
So, how was Yuan Shikai's tomb built? According to records, it started from the ground, just like we usually build a house, laying the foundation first and then building a tomb. The tomb is divided into left and right parts. The left tomb was used to bury Yuan Shikai, and the right tomb was reserved for his original wife. For the purpose of protection, a layer of reinforced concrete with a thickness of more than one meter is added outside the brick tomb as an outer frame, so it is very strong. It is said that the whole cemetery was surrounded by Chenzhai, and the canal outside the village was filled with water and surrounded; The pine, cypress, plum and locust trees in the village cover the sun, and the flat and open area is really a blessed land.
Mao Zedong visited Lin Yuan. After that interesting visit, he instructed to protect Lin Yuan as a negative example to educate future generations. In a blink of an eye, China has taken on a new look, and the People's Museum has been built on the wasteland of the past, becoming a temple of knowledge. In the decorated house, the civilization of the Yin and Shang Dynasties is displayed, and the ups and downs of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China are displayed, recording the ups and downs of today. Dear friends from-,come here to listen to the history of national death, experience bitter humiliation and recall brilliant glory. Looking back on the past and looking forward to tomorrow, patriotism and national pride arise spontaneously. After careful aftertaste and excitement, you can also enjoy quiet, comfortable and elegant happiness. Lin Yuan, the former president's cemetery, also glows with new brilliance, reflecting the industriousness, kindness and self-improvement of Chinese sons and daughters.
architectural feature
According to the pattern of Ming and Qing tombs, Lin Yuan adopted the construction method of combining Chinese and western styles, taking China's classical traditional shape as the body, taking western architectural style as the use, coexisting ancient and modern times and having different styles. After passing through the traditional archway gate in China, there is a tree-lined holy road. On both sides of Lu Shen Road are opposing Huabiao, Ma Shi, Shi Hu, Shishi, stone carving generals and stone carving civil servants. This is, of course, in accordance with the specifications of the "emperor" for Yuan Shikai's mausoleum to do ceremonial work. What makes people feel special is that Ma Shi, Shi Hu, Shishi and civilian military commanders all have short legs. Its pavilion is traditional. Yuan Shikai's tombstone in the pavilion is also carried by a huge emperor and general in feudal society.
After the pavilion, it is the gate. There is a main hall on the front and an accompanying hall on both sides, all of which are Qing Dynasty buildings. Further on, it is the tomb base. There are three gates in the stylobate, and the iron gate in the middle is completely western-style, which looks very much like the "Dadu Mansion" in the early years of the Republic of China. But the tomb emblem hanging on the iron gate is carved with black dragons and tigers. The three-story platform tomb in the iron gate is where Yuan Shikai was buried. It is round, all made of reinforced concrete, and the stone lions carved around it also imitate the western-style "realism" instead of the traditional "freehand brushwork" in China. This strange mausoleum of Yuan Shikai reflects his ever-changing position on the historical stage.
20 13 in may, the State Council (Guo Fa [20 13] 13) announced Lin Yuan as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Yuan Shikai (1September 85916-191June 6), also known as Wei Ting, was a famous political figure in the modern history of China. He was the leader of the northern warlords and became the first president of the Republic of China in the Revolution of 1911. During his reign, he actively developed industry, unified the monetary system and established a modern judicial and educational system. But later, encouraged by Yang Du and other constitutionalists, the restoration of the emperor was overthrown. 1September, 859 16, Yuan Shikai was born in Yuan Zhai-Yuan Shikai, Wangmingkou Town, Xiangcheng City, Henan Province. Details++version