According to their nature, the employment situation or employment problems faced by college students can be roughly divided into three types, namely, general employment problems, structural employment problems and individual vocational selective employment problems. In our country, the general employment problem not only existed in the past, but also can't disappear completely now and in the future. At the same time, the problems of structural employment and selective employment of individual occupations are becoming more and more serious.
First, the connotation of college students' employability
( 1)
Definition of college students' employability
Lack of employability is one of the main reasons for the difficulty of college students' employment. Although this has become the consensus of all parties, there is no unified understanding of the concept of college students' employability. Employability refers to the ability of college students to achieve their employment goals and ideals, meet social needs and realize their own value in society through learning, accumulating and developing their own potential professional knowledge and related knowledge during their school days.
(2)
Composition of college students' employability
The elements of college students' employability include: first, professional ability refers to the ability of college students to master professional knowledge and solve problems in professional fields through systematic professional study during their school days. Professional ability includes professional knowledge and professional skills, in which professional knowledge is the foundation and professional skills are the core. Second, the basic ability refers to the basic quality and ability that college students should have to adapt to social life. It is based on the basic ability that every student should achieve after receiving college education. Third, special abilities refer to some special qualities and abilities possessed by college students. Fourth, the ability to apply for a job, that is, college students should only have the ability and skills in the process of transforming from "school people" to "professional people".
Second, most students have a new understanding of "pragmatism", and their employment expectations tend to be realistic, mainly in their work units and fields.
(1) Employment direction: Employment before choosing a job becomes the first choice.
The top three priorities of college students' career orientation are "employment before choosing a job", "choosing a job before choosing a job" and "continuing education", which are 465, 438+0.76%, 28.57% and 27.84% respectively. The survey shows that most students show unique self-confidence and maturity in the face of employment pressure.
In the choice of this question, the phenomenon worthy of special attention is "further study", accounting for 27.84%. More than a quarter of students want to continue their studies, and this trend has lasted for a long time in recent years, and it is getting worse. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the influence of knowledge economy era and the improvement of talent quality requirements; Second, the employment competition is fierce, and superior occupations need excellent high-level talents; Third, psychological factors, some college students are to ease the employment pressure.
Avoid immediate employment and other factors. This phenomenon deserves careful analysis and study. What are its advantages and disadvantages? Its advantage lies in relieving the pressure of employment, promoting the improvement of talents' quality, improving the talent structure in China and enhancing the scientific and technological strength and international competitiveness of senior talents in China. What worries us is that it reflects the lack of psychological quality of college students and the lack of social pressure tolerance. Faced with fierce social competition, a considerable number of college students choose to avoid, and their career expectations tend to be "risk-free". This phenomenon can also be seen from students' evaluation of employment prospects, as shown in figure 1. 22.92% students are "not optimistic" about their employment prospects. In addition to objective and realistic factors, there are many psychological quality factors of students. It can be seen that it is necessary for colleges and universities to strengthen employment guidance and psychological counseling.
(2) Employment orientation: economically developed areas are preferred for employment areas.
The survey results show that 66.54% students choose economically developed areas when choosing employment areas. This explains two problems: first, in addition to considerable work benefits, economically developed areas are more convenient to connect with the international community and can provide employees with more opportunities for further study and improvement, which is closely related to the needs of students for "self-development" and "self-realization". Second, the employment opportunities in economically developed areas are higher than those in other underdeveloped areas, and the diversification of jobs is an important reason for attracting students.
(3) Professional value: practical and willing to work in combination with professional characteristics.
Students in normal universities tend to be "schools or scientific research institutions" and "administrative organs or institutions" when choosing jobs.
Third, the factors affecting students' employment are more prominent:
(A) In terms of professional value standards, most students take "wages and benefits" and "realizing self-worth" as key considerations. The two accounts for 36.62% and 26% respectively. The specific survey results are shown in Figure 4.
This is consistent with the factors that students consider when they are actually employed, that is, the salary and the embodiment of personal value and ability are the key considerations. The survey shows that students' employment is not only affected by salary, but also the personal factors in life values are very prominent. However, students pay more attention to personal factors and less attention to social needs when making life choices, and even when pursuing self-realization, it reflects that they mainly emphasize "self" rather than "social" needs. The advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon deserve our study and consideration.
(2) In the process of employment, 44% of students think that "experience and practical ability" are the most important factors. While "education", "graduated school or major" and "applied skills" account for 10.48%, 10.34% and 12.69% respectively. This may be related to the requirements of employers in recruitment.
Fourthly, most students have a clear understanding of the evaluation of employment quality and their own advantages and disadvantages.
(A) the advantages of most students are "theoretical basis" and "normal skills".
(2) More than half of the students think that their "practical ability" and "competition and risk awareness" are at a disadvantage, reaching 33.07% and 30.69% respectively; Among the qualities that students think are most lacking, "innovative ability", "practical ability" and "professional knowledge and skills" are included in the first three choices, and the results are shown in Figure 7. The general reason may be that, on the one hand, knowledge is updated quickly, knowledge is deeper and wider, and professional quality is more and more comprehensive; On the other hand, the backward school education and the unreasonable knowledge structure of education generally make college graduates feel stressed, uncomfortable and lack confidence in their knowledge and skills. On the other hand, the psychological quality of students who dare to challenge has not yet formed; In the cultivation of innovation ability, there is more talk than action, and the coverage of cultivation is relatively narrow, mainly due to the lack of cultivation environment. In addition to improving students' professional knowledge, how to improve students' psychological quality of challenge and cultivate students' innovative ability will also become two major topics of employment guidance in colleges and universities.
5. At present, the employment guidance in colleges and universities is out of balance with students' needs.
(1) More than half of the students reported that they were "dissatisfied" with their employment guidance (see Figure 5).
(2) When students "hope that the school will give guidance and help to college students in employment and success",
48.96% students choose "providing more practical opportunities", and "strengthening the cultivation of innovative ability" and "focusing on social ability guidance" also occupy a certain weight. Starting from the national policy and practical needs, students need to change from the concept of employment to the concept of entrepreneurship. In the survey, students think that "cultivating the spirit of independent entrepreneurship" is the key to change college students' employment concept (accounting for 34.25438+0%); And "strengthening employment guidance in colleges and universities" and "other factors" also account for a large proportion (see Figure 7 for details). In view of the current employment guidance work in colleges and universities, it is basically limited to service work such as information release, policy propaganda, skill training and agreement handling. The research holds that the employment navigation system should cover the whole process of university education. At present, the employment guidance centers in most colleges and universities are mainly facing the graduating class, but at this time, most of them have the regret of "hating fewer books when using them". Employment guidance needs to radiate from graduating class to junior students and run through the whole process of university education. Specifically, the employment navigation system should cover the navigation of professional knowledge and skills, such as the guidance of learning methods, the introduction of new ideas and concepts, and helping individuals improve their knowledge structure. Health navigation, through the implementation of pairing service, psychological counseling, exchange and discussion, to solve the psychological problems that may arise in the process of college students' employment and personal growth; Legal navigation, popularize legal knowledge, strengthen the awareness of the rule of law, and guide the awareness of integrity.
Judging from the problems reflected in the survey, there is still room for further study and improvement to further standardize the management of students' employment guidance in our school, especially how to effectively integrate employment guidance into the overall work track of teaching and educating people in our school.
Sixth, the problem of college students' employability.
(A) poor basic working ability
The basic working ability includes the ability to adapt to the environment, organization and management, interpersonal skills, teamwork skills, foreign language and computer application skills, as well as the ideological and psychological qualities necessary for practical work. , such as dedication, courage to bear hardships, honesty and trustworthiness. Basic working ability is the basic quality that professional people should have, and it is the primary criterion for employers to select graduates. In recent years, some graduates lack love and understanding of their jobs, are rash in choosing jobs, take a long time to adapt to professional posts, and have poor basic work ability, which leads to insufficient potential for career development.
Lack of professional skills
After strict professional training, college students can master this subject comprehensively and systematically. The basic theories, methods and skills of this major, the ability to use these knowledge to guide practice, and the ability to learn new knowledge and technology related to this major. Some graduates frequently encounter difficulties and setbacks in the process of employment because they have not mastered the corresponding majors or even lacked the most basic professional common sense.
(3)
Bad job hunting skills
Job hunting skills, including information collection and processing ability, accurate positioning ability, ability to seize opportunities, expression ability, decision-making ability, self-promotion ability, self-protection ability, etc. , is an important factor to determine whether college students can combine with the means of production and realize job matching. However, many college students lack this ability, and they fail to apply corresponding skills and strategies in job hunting and make proper use of social relations and social capital.
Seven, factors affecting the employability of college students
The first aspect is personality quality. Personality quality The consistent response of individuals to various environmental information includes personality characteristics such as responsibility, dedication, self-confidence, initiative, patience and independence. Due to the influence of many factors, such as students' great pressure, family economic difficulties, interpersonal imbalance and so on, some college students have psychological barriers. Some college students lack professionalism and can't bear hardships and stand hard work, which directly affects their employability.
The second aspect is the knowledge structure. College students' academic performance in school is an aspect that employers attach great importance to when hiring. College students should have a scientific and reasonable knowledge structure. Because there is no certain time reserve, we can't make innovations and breakthroughs in our work. The wider the knowledge and thinking, the greater the possibility of innovation.
The third aspect is basic skills. In the process of college life and work, communication ability is particularly important. Job interview is a face-to-face communication process. In addition, the mastery of foreign languages, modern information technology, literature and art, sports and other skills is also an element that constitutes the employability of college students and affects their employment quality.
The fourth aspect is application ability. The ability of college students to get jobs through interviews is not naturally formed. To achieve smooth employment, college students need not only strength, but also broad job-hunting skills. It includes the ability to collect and process information, as well as the ability to communicate with people and good psychological debugging ability.
The causes of college students' employment problems
1
The aftermath of the financial crisis plunged the world economy into a trough, which undoubtedly affected the economic situation and employment situation in China. A large number of domestic small and medium-sized enterprises and foreign enterprises closed down, moved and contracted, which greatly reduced the employment space of workers. Affected by the international financial crisis, a large number of overseas personnel returned and the focus of high-end competition shifted, which undoubtedly brought new challenges to the employment situation of college graduates.
2. The impact of college enrollment expansion: Although the country stopped enrollment expansion, the impact of enrollment expansion still exists in recent years. In 200 1 year, the number of college graduates in China was1150,000, in 2002 it was1450,000, in 2003 it was 2120,000, in 2004 it was 2.8 million, and it increased in four years in 2005. It is estimated that there will be more than 6.6 million college graduates nationwide this year.
3 Poor employment channels for students: The current employment channels are nothing more than school recommendation, acquaintance introduction, campus and social job fairs, talent or employment websites, applying for civil servants, and serving the west. However, the school recommendation is generally only for student cadres or outstanding achievements; Applying for civil servants is restricted by majors and interests. These only apply to specific groups. For most people, websites and job fairs are the main employment channels and cannot meet the needs of graduates.
4. Unreasonable employment system in enterprises: Some private enterprises not only do not sign labor contracts with employees, but also do not have a series of social benefits such as social insurance, pension and provident fund. In addition, the starting salary is low, the increase is not big, and it is accompanied by a harsh fine system. At the same time, employers also set obstacles such as experience and gender to reject fresh graduates. The reasons for refusal are poor hands-on ability, training cost, low stability and so on. It is short-sighted and impetuous for employers to pursue practicality and low cost when recruiting people.
5. Dislocation of specialty settings in colleges and universities: Some colleges and universities have great blindness in specialty and curriculum settings, and the phenomenon of specialty convergence is very serious, resulting in serious contradiction between supply and demand. Many schools have too fine a division of majors to keep up with the pace of market changes. Some higher vocational colleges and higher vocational education majors lack characteristics, and the theoretical basis of students is not systematic and their practical ability is not strong. However, employers put forward higher and higher requirements for practical operation ability and ability to adapt to changes in working environment.
six
Lack of employment training opportunities for students: Many enterprises refuse to bear the cost of "on-the-job training" for college students after employment, and generally require "several years of work experience" when recruiting. In fact, a college student who graduated from science and engineering needs to continue studying in his post after graduation for a certain period of time before he can become a qualified engineer. To meet this requirement, only college students and their families can afford it, and it is very uneconomical in time and money to transfer "on-the-job training" to schools.
7 Students' expectations are too high: There are also some misunderstandings in college students' employment concept, such as "being a clerk in a foreign company is not as good as being a backbone in a small and medium-sized enterprise", "starting a business is not as good as getting a job" and "getting a job is not as good as taking the postgraduate entrance examination". In addition, according to the 2008 employment survey report of college students, at present, 60% of college students expect a monthly salary of less than 2,000 yuan. However, nearly 80% of employers believe that college students still have high expectations, mainly in salary, region, personal development opportunities, job requirements, industry requirements, holiday requirements, professional counterparts and so on.
8. The quality of liberal arts education is low: because the teaching content is hardly aimed at the political and economic reality of China, students are still very isolated from the real social situation after several years of university study, which is also seriously detrimental to students' employment. In the process of university enrollment expansion, the knowledge structure of teachers is still very old, and the teaching content is politicized and empty.
Suggestions: Countermeasures and suggestions to improve the employability of college students.
(1). The government should optimize institutional arrangements and strengthen service functions.
The government is duty-bound to improve the employability of college students. First of all, the government should eliminate the institutional obstacles in the flow of labor force. In order to further promote the rational flow of graduates and eliminate the institutional obstacles in the flow of labor force, it is necessary for the government to cancel the restrictions on the enrollment targets and household registration indicators of college graduates in other provinces and cities, and at the same time, it is necessary to cancel all unreasonable fees charged by the government for the flow of college graduates. Secondly, the government should establish a scientific layout structure of higher education. On the one hand, it is necessary to increase support for economically underdeveloped areas. While continuously improving the running level and service capacity of existing universities in these areas, it is necessary to appropriately build new universities to meet the needs of local economic and social development. On the other hand, for big cities and economically developed areas, we should focus on giving them more room for independent development of higher education. Through the adjustment of the layout of higher education, the regional distribution of college graduates is more reasonable. Third, the government should vigorously support graduates to start their own businesses. Relevant government departments should formulate some systems and measures to encourage and support college graduates to start businesses, which should not only provide preferential conditions for starting businesses, but also actively guide and standardize them to protect the enthusiasm and initiative of graduates to start businesses.
(3)
Colleges and universities should reform the talent training mode and improve the level of employment guidance.
Funny talent training mode restricts the employability of college students to a great extent. Colleges and universities should first deepen the reform of talent training mode, accurately grasp the national economic and social development trend, and according to the adjustment of economic structure and industrial structure and the requirements of the job market for talents, combined with the orientation and conditions of running a school, even if the talent training structure and mode are adjusted, the graduates trained can adapt to the current and future social needs. Secondly, we should optimize the employment guidance mode for college students, cultivate a professional employment guidance team, and provide timely, professional and personalized employment consulting services for college students. We should also actively cooperate with enterprises, establish a training base for college students' employment by signing an agreement on talent intelligence, and "double match" between internship graduates and enterprises. Third, build and expand the platform of entrepreneurship education. On the one hand, we can cultivate college students' entrepreneurial spirit and guide them to make various preparations for starting a business by organizing various entrepreneurial experience activities, such as "Business Plan Competition". On the one hand, we can support and guide college students to start their own businesses relying on relatively mature achievements and projects by establishing entrepreneurial practice bases, such as the combination of government and enterprises.
(4)
College students should change their concept of choosing jobs and improve their comprehensive quality.
For college students, before improving their employability, students should see clearly the contradictory relationship between ideal and reality in job hunting, and try to adjust their job hunting mentality reasonably from three aspects: First, self-adjust their job hunting mentality.
It is the unity of ideal self and realistic self to learn to know the society objectively and evaluate oneself, adjust the job-hunting goal reasonably, make clear the employment orientation according to the social demand, adjust the job-hunting mentality and cultivate one's ability to resist setbacks. Second, we should improve the knowledge structure and professional skills. Students should build a reasonable knowledge structure and strengthen their professional skills according to their own career planning. In addition to classroom learning, we should actively participate in professional learning, skills training, social practice, project research, science and technology competitions and other activities to improve the knowledge structure and enhance professional skills through these channels. Third, we should strengthen the cultivation of comprehensive quality. At present, the value orientation of employers not only values the ability of college students to analyze and solve problems in daily life, but also values students' moral cultivation and will quality. The spirit of cooperation. Communication skills and psychological personality. This requires college students to pay attention to the cultivation and shaping of their own comprehensive perilla.
1 government:
First, promote the reform of the system and mechanism, and smooth the employment channels for graduates to urban and rural grassroots, central and western regions, and small and medium-sized enterprises. Encourage policies to guide more graduates to work and start businesses in urban and rural grassroots, central and western regions, especially in places where the motherland is most needed for construction.
The second is to strengthen service training and tap more jobs suitable for graduates. It is necessary to speed up the transformation of economic development mode, cultivate and develop strategic emerging industries, promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and create more jobs suitable for college students' knowledge structure and employment willingness. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the prediction of employment demand, guide colleges and universities to optimize specialty settings, and reform the training model. In addition, public employment services should be extended to the campus, and targeted vocational training and employment internships should be carried out to help college students better adapt to social needs.
The third is to create a fair employment environment and strive to solve the employment problems of poor family graduates, disabled graduates and other groups. It is necessary to implement the grass-roots employment project, encourage and guide college graduates to work at the grass-roots level; Implementing employment assistance and resettling graduates with employment difficulties; We should conscientiously implement the provisions of canceling hepatitis B testing items in employment physical examination and safeguard the right to fair employment.
2 school:
Do a good job in quality education and improve students' employability and entrepreneurial ability. First of all, the educational concept must be changed from "knowledge-based, skill-based" to "quality-based, personality-based", and multi-level and multi-faceted models such as elite model, group model, system model and system model can be used to irrigate students' essence, so as to improve students' abilities in all aspects, and thus improve their social adaptability (including professional adaptability) and loyalty to the country and career.
Secondly, it is necessary to change the pure fine professional education into a big professional education based on general education. Whether starting a business or getting a job, college students should have extensive knowledge. First, because the enrollment plan of colleges and universities has been lagging behind the change of talent market demand, a considerable number of college graduates can't find jobs in corresponding majors every year and must change careers. Without the reserve of interdisciplinary knowledge and ability, these students can only be unemployed or unemployed. Second, both entrepreneurship and innovation of various natures need multidisciplinary knowledge, and "specialization" based on extensive knowledge is not real specialization. Looking at the successful people in business, science and technology, literature and other circles, there are almost no successful people who rely on a single discipline to break through the world.
Finally, establish and improve the employment service system for college students. Colleges and universities should establish a graduate employment guidance and service system integrating education, management, guidance and service as soon as possible. Establish a service-oriented employment organization for college graduates, work independently, and provide graduates and employers with all-round, multi-level and three-dimensional service contents and forms such as information service, consulting service, guidance service and training service, so as to create favorable conditions for college students to establish correct career ideals and job-hunting concepts, master competitive skills and actively participate in talent market competition.
3. College students:
(1) Fully believe in your own strength and dare to achieve your ideal goals through competition; At the same time, we should learn to treat setbacks correctly. It's normal to encounter setbacks in job hunting, so don't feel inferior and lose confidence. After encountering setbacks, we should think calmly, carefully find out the reasons for failure, and strive to win in the next time and meet new challenges. In addition, we should strengthen social practice. College students can actively participate in social practice during holidays, combine theoretical knowledge with practical work, improve their ability to deal with practical problems and accumulate work experience.
(2) Establish a correct concept of selecting and employing people. The difficulty of college students' employment is not that society does not need college students, but that their subjective orientation does not match their objective needs. For decades, the unified distribution of employment by the state has made people's entrepreneurial awareness weak. Under the influence of market economy and some public opinions, many students have formed the concept of "only going east and not west" and "only going high and not going low" when choosing a job. They focus on the developed eastern coastal areas and a few big cities, while few people pay attention to the vast underdeveloped western regions; Focus on institutions, institutions, foreign-funded enterprises and other high-income and high-welfare units, while dismissing the grassroots units and small and medium-sized enterprises. If college students' views on employment and job selection do not change, it will be difficult to eliminate this phenomenon of false employment difficulties.
(3) Employment before choosing a job. Facing the severe employment situation, college students should change their employment concept if they have to, that is, find a job first and then choose a job. They can't pursue it step by step as they used to. If they haggle over whether their current professional posts are ideal or not, they will lose many opportunities to start. They can accumulate work experience in the previous employment process, greatly improve their self-worth and lay the foundation for finding an ideal job in the future.