13 July 853: Russian troops enter the Danube country. 1853 65438+1October 16: Ottoman Turkish Empire declared war on Russia. 1March 27th and 28th, 854: Britain and France declared war on Russia.
1April 20, 854: Austria and Prussia signed a defense alliance agreement, which is valid in this war. From the end of July to September, 1854: Russia withdrew from the Danube countries under the pressure of Austria. 1854 August 16: Russia was occupied in a fortress in Oran, Baltic Sea. Map of Crimea Peninsula 1854 September 14: British and French forces landed in Crimea and began to besiege Sevastopol. 1854 65438+February 2: Britain, France and Austria sign an anti-Russian alliance in Vienna. 1855 65438+ 10/0/6: Sardinia participated in the war. 1May 22, 855: The British and French fleets entered the Sea of Azov, but found nothing. 1September 8, 855: After 349 days of siege, the British and French allied forces occupied Sevastopol. The Russian army was defeated. 130 March 856: The Ottoman Turkish Empire, Russia, Sardinia, France, Britain, Austria and Prussia signed the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the Crimean War. Russia gave up all the occupied areas, the territory of the Ottoman Turkish Empire was guaranteed, and the Black Sea region could not be stationed.
Edit the background history of this paragraph.
Russia/KLOC-In the first half of the 0/9th century, the crisis of feudal serfdom deepened, the capitalist relations of production further developed, and the industrial revolution began. The struggle of serfs against serfdom is also developing; Russian Emperor Nikolai I, represented by herzen, belinsky, Chernyshevski and Dubrovnikov.
The rise of bourgeois revolutionary democratic thought, these are the domestic factors that promote the disintegration of Russian serfdom. In the war against Turkey in 1828- 1829, Tsar Nicholas I occupied the Danube estuary, nearby islands and a large area of land in the Caucasus. 1848 On the night of the revolution, Russian troops helped the Austrian army to destroy Hungary's independence, and at the same time suppressed the national liberation movements of the two principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in the Danube Valley. In order to consolidate the victory, Russia and Turkey signed the Baltet-Li Man Treaty, which stipulated that Russian troops would withdraw after the restoration of order in the two principalities. The Turkish emperor Sultan was also the leader of Islam. The autocratic monarchy and the autocratic church were integrated into a state institution with the integration of politics and religion, which brutally ruled internally, leading to financial chaos, empty treasury and increased national debt. In order to meet the needs of luxury and enjoyment, the royal family sold commercial ports, railways, minerals and resources to foreign powers in exchange for their economic support. Therefore, the governments of foreign powers tried their best to support the Sudanese government and tried to monopolize Turkey, which also strengthened the friction between them. Britain completed the industrial revolution in the first half of the19th century. In 1950s and 1960s, Britain became the "factory of the world". 1850 compared with 1840, British merchandise exports to Turkey increased by more than one and a half times, that is, from1440,000 to 3.76 million pounds. Because of the North American War of Independence of 1775- 1783, Britain lost a large number of colonies, so India's position is very prominent, and the Mediterranean passage connecting the mainland and India must be maintained. Britain can't let Russia get more benefits than it did in the process of dividing up Turkey. As long as Russia occupies the Strait, it will create conditions for Russia to monopolize Turkey and fundamentally threaten Britain's interests. After the French 1848 Revolution, the industrial revolution progressed rapidly, and large textile mills and metallurgical enterprises appeared one after another. From 1852 to 1870, the number of French steam engines increased from 6,000 to 27,000. With the further development of capitalism, we will never give up the Turkish market easily, not to mention France is a traditional ally of Turkey. In order to compete for the interests in Turkey, Napoleon I fought against Tsar Alexander I..
The reason for editing this paragraph
The apparent cause of this war is religious problems. Russia proposed to the Ottoman Empire an imaginary restoration map to protect the Crimean War of the Ottoman Empire.
The request of the Orthodox Christians to establish a Russian protectorate in the Holy Land was rejected by the Ottoman Sultan of Constantinople. Catholics in France and Protestants in Britain also oppose Russia's attempt to establish a stronghold in Palestine. After Sudan refused, Russia decided to take military action on this ground. 1853, Russia broke off diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire and began to occupy Turkish territory in the Danube River basin. The real cause of the war was the gradual internal disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Russia believes that this is a good opportunity for it to expand its influence in Europe, especially for it to gain access to the Mediterranean and occupy the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire's rule in the Balkans was obviously crumbling at this time, while the Russians were fighting for control of the canakkale Strait and Istanbul Strait. Britain and France oppose Russian expansion. They don't want Russia to acquire these strategic locations in order to safeguard its power and interests in Southeast Europe.
Edit this process
After the war broke out, Britain and France held their ground, and the Turkish army fought alone in the wars in the Balkans, the Black Sea, the Caucasus and Russia and Crimea.
War, in the Balkans, the Turkish army defeated the Russian army by virtue of its military superiority. 1In June, 854, under the pressure of Puo, Russian troops withdrew from the occupied two principalities of Wallachia, Moldova. In the Caucasus, the Turkish army launched an attack on Saint Nicholas on1October 27th, 1853, the Turkish army was frustrated on1October, and the Russian army defeated the Turkish army in February, 165438. In the direction of the Black Sea, a naval battle broke out between the two countries. 1853165438+10. In October, the Russian Black Sea Fleet wiped out the Turkish sub-fleet in the Sinop naval battle, and Russia gained control of the Black Sea. 1854 1 October, the British and French fleets entered the Black Sea, and Russia declared war on Britain and France. In June, the British and French allied forces landed in Varna, Crimea, and the navy blocked the Russian fleet in Sevastopol. In July, Russian troops defeated the main force of the Turkish army in the Caucasus. In September, the British, French and Turkish Coalition forces landed in Crimea. On the 20th, the Allies broke through the Russian defense line and approached Sevastopol. The Russian army did everything possible to strengthen the defense line quickly. June 65438+10/October 65438+July, Allied forces began to attack Sevastopol. 1 15 years125 October, Russian troops attacked the allied rear. 1 18 On June 5, the allied forces stormed the fortress city and were repelled. On August 16, the Russian army launched a large-scale counterattack again and was repelled. The allied forces then carried out large-scale shelling. On September 8th, the allied forces captured Sevastopol, which lasted 1 1 month, and both sides suffered heavy losses. 1855, the two sides fought fiercely in Kass, Caucasus. In June, Russian troops surrounded Kass, and the siege was frustrated in September, which led to the surrender of Turkish troops in 165438+ 10. 1856 In March, Russia and France signed the Paris Peace Treaty, and the Black Sea was neutral. Russia lost the right to own a fleet in the Black Sea. Russia's long-term efforts to expand the Black Sea were in vain.
Edit this paragraph of Crimean War and Mine War.
In the Crimean War of 1854─ 1856, Russia used this kind of triggered anchor mine in the port defense. Mines first appeared in the west during the Russian-Turkish war in 1769, when Russian engineers first tried to use drifting mines and blew up the pontoon bridge leading to Dunaj, Turkey. Since then, various types of mines have been continuously developed and improved and widely used.
Edit the results of this paragraph.
One of the consequences of the Crimean War was the end of the sacred alliance between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Prussia remained neutral in this war. After the war, Prussia's relations with Russia became better, relations with Austria deteriorated, and relations between Russia and Austria deteriorated. Britain and France also began to mend fences with Russia after the war, so Austria became more and more isolated. So far, Austria is in a dominant position in the German Confederation, but this position is weakening day by day, while Prussia's position is increasing day by day. As a result, the balance of power among European powers began to shift in a direction unfavorable to Austria. Austria's weakness also strengthened Sardinia. Sardinia played a leading role in the Italian unification movement. 186 1 year, Sardinia achieved the goal of establishing an Italian kingdom with the support of France.
The influence of editing this passage on Russia
1. exposed the decay of serfdom, aggravated the domestic economic crisis, the peasant uprising continued, and the czar's autocratic rule was in jeopardy. In order to consolidate his rule, Alexander II had to carry out the reform of 186 1 and abolish serfdom. Russia has embarked on the road of developing capitalism. 2. Russia's international status plummeted and it lost its dominance in Europe. Since the establishment of 18 15 "Holy Alliance", Russia has acted as the overlord of Europe, intervening in the revolutionary movements of various countries and acting as the gendarmerie of Europe. The failure of the Crimean war made Russia lose the possibility of interfering in other countries' internal affairs, Russia's international status declined, and its status as a European hegemon lost. Russia has accelerated its expansion in the Far East. As Marx said, Russia wants to retaliate against the failure of Britain and France in the Crimean War. Britain and France launched the Opium War of aggression against China, and Russia took advantage of the fire to seize a large territory and many privileges from China.
The influence of editing this passage on Nobel's career
During the Crimean War, alfred nobel and his two brothers returned to St. Petersburg to work in his father's enterprise. Alfred Nobel
At this time, his father's enterprise expanded again and was renamed "Nobel Father and Son Mechanical Foundry". At that time, the Russian army was in urgent need of weapons and equipment and modernization, and a large number of state orders made the factory business prosperous. Although it is difficult for that backward country to recruit skilled workers and supply raw materials in many aspects, Emmanuel Nobel managed to produce a large number of military materials, some of which were designed by himself, using his own machine tools, and also recruited some foremen from Sweden to engage in production. The iron products used in the country's first railway, the fast musket he built himself, the cannon and steam machinery used to assemble Russia's first propeller warship were all made by this enterprise. /kloc-The fact that several warships built in 1950s in 0/9 were still in service during World War I clearly shows that the product quality of this factory is superb. Emanuel Nobel was awarded the 1853 Imperial Gold Medal in recognition of his "diligence and skill" in Russian industry, which is a rare honor for a foreigner. In the factory, sons have a vast world to practice and exercise, and they also make full use of this opportunity. Mine was Emanuel Nobel's trump card when he entered Russia. It has long been a military secret and forgotten property of this country; During the war, it also suddenly aroused people's direct interest and proved to be successful. With the help of his son Robert, the inventor planted mines at the frozen entrance of the Finnish port and the strategically important Kranstadt Castle in St Petersburg. This measure helped to resist the attack of the British and French fleets commanded by Admiral Napier, which was of great significance, and was recorded in history because the Admiral said in his report to the Admiralty that the Gulf of Finland was full of bombs.
Edit this paragraph and find the bullet fragments.
The ancient battlefield of the Crimean War is located in Ukraine. Because all kinds of war relics can often be found here, many Ukrainians come here to seek gold and treasure. In February 2009, a Ukrainian man who asked not to be named also came here, trying to find some ancient battlefield relics and sell them to the military museum in exchange for a certain fee. On the sandy ancient battlefield in Crimea, the man found many bullet fragments left by the war more than 50 years ago, but one of them was particularly different. After he sent the bullet to the military museum, experts identified that this strange bullet fragment was actually formed after two bullets collided directly in the air. The chance of this rare scene happening is less than one in a billion. After careful comparison and inspection, experts from the Ukrainian Military Museum found that the two bullets belonged to the Russian and French armies at that time. In the war at that time, the bullets used by the warring parties were all pointed cone bullets, and the bullets designed in this shape could receive less resistance when flying at high speed in the air. The expert also said that this newly discovered bullet fragment of ancient war has important reference significance for studying the military technical level of the Russian and French armies at that time, at least it can prove that the bullet design level at that time was much higher than people had imagined.
Edit the meaning of this paragraph.
The Crimean War was the first modern war in the history of the world. Now most people have forgotten this war, but it has changed the status and relations of European powers militarily and politically. In the European history of the19th century, it and the subsequent Treaty of Paris were the second largest diplomatic event after the 18 15 Vienna Conference. In the Crimean War, armored ships and modern explosive shells were used for the first time. It is also the first trench war in history, silent war. Telegrams were first used in wars, and trains were first used to transport materials and reinforce troops.
About war correspondents
For the first time, a war correspondent can report the war situation to his hometown newspaper on the same day. Due to the mistake of a British officer, about 900 British cavalry were killed in an attack in less than 20 minutes (later, some scholars and experts pointed out that the casualties of British cavalry at that time were not as many as the outside world thought. In fact, about 80% of the soldiers finally got home safely, and more than 900 casualties were exaggerated figures in British newspapers). That night, The Times reported the loss and set off a crisis in Britain. In addition, in this war, journalists used photography to record the war for the first time.
Improve the conditions of field hospitals
In this war, about 500 thousand people died, of which the French army suffered the most. Most soldiers died not in battle, but from war wounds, because of hunger, malnutrition, poor sanitation and poor conditions in field hospitals. Florence nightingale has improved the sanitary conditions of field hospitals, and this reform alone has greatly improved the survival rate of wounded soldiers. After the war, Nightingale founded the first nursing school in London.
When the British and French allied forces surrounded Sevastopol and the Marines were preparing to land in Balaclava, the Black Sea port, a strong wind suddenly blew and set off huge waves. The British and French allied forces collapsed without fighting, and almost all the troops were wiped out. At the request of the military, Le freire, director of the Paris Observatory, studied the storm. He wrote letters to meteorologists all over the world and collected weather reports before and after the storm. After that, he filled in the meteorological conditions of different places at the same time in turn on a map. By analyzing the maps at different times, he found that the storm moved from west to east, and it had affected Spain and France within 1~2 days after reaching the Black Sea. After analysis, Lefler believed that if there were weather stations in Europe at that time, the storm information could have telegraphed the British and French fleets in time to prevent them from being attacked by this storm. 1855 In March, he suggested to the French Academy of Sciences to organize an observation network to collect observation data quickly, analyze and draw weather maps in one place.