Guoqu Zheng
At the end of the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year), Gong Hui, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, saw the general trend that Qin unified the six countries at that time. In order to weaken the powerful strength of Qin, in 237 BC, he sent Zheng, a Korean water conservancy engineer, to build water conservancy projects in Qin, in an attempt to use this huge project to consume Qin's manpower, financial resources and material resources in order to achieve his expected goal of "exhausting Qin"! ? Unexpectedly, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin at that time (later Qin Shihuang) adopted Zheng's suggestion and ordered Zheng to build Zheng Guoqu in Qin. With Zheng Guo's personal command and participation, a large-scale water conservancy project, Zheng Guoqu, which is over 100 kilometers long, winds and hovers on the land of Guanzhong, as if a glittering silver belt had been paved on the land of Sanqin. It skillfully uses the topographical features of the south foot of the North Zhongshan Mountain, which is high in the west and low in the east, and builds canals on the highest line of the three steps in Weibei Plain, irrigating more than 2.8 million mu of land in counties (districts) such as Liquan, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Gaoling, Lintong, Fuping, Weinan, Pucheng and Dali. Zheng Guoqu not only failed to achieve the original intention of "hating Qin", but greatly enhanced the national strength of Qin. This makes the powerful state of Qin even more powerful! It also accelerated the realization of its dream of eliminating the six countries. Zheng Guoqu's project is magnificent and large-scale, which can be called a feat more than 2,000 years ago. It irrigates the fields with rich Jinghe muddy water, pressurizes the muddy water, turns the swamp saline-alkali land into fertile fertile fertile land, and makes Guanzhong the richest area in the country. According to Records of the Historian, after the completion of the canal, "Guanzhong is a fertile land with no bad years." This made material preparations for Qin Shihuang's final unification of China!
Zheng Guoqu is located on the north bank of Jinghe River, 25 kilometers northwest of Jingyang County, which is the west of Gongcun Village in Wangqiao Town today. At that time, because of its large water intake and fast water flow speed, it was easy to cause loess on both sides of the canal bank to collapse. People invented the arched underground channel, which made the canal wall arch firmly and not easy to collapse. This has greatly improved the quality of Zheng Guoqu canal head. In order to facilitate the construction and master the direction and depth of water flow, a well was dug at intervals, commonly known as "longan" or "skylight", which was the crystallization of great wisdom and wisdom of mankind at that time.
The role of Zheng Guoqu lies not only in its irrigation efficiency of 100, but also in its pioneering practice of diverting water from Jingxing, which has a far-reaching impact on later irrigation. After Qin Dynasty, the water conservancy facilities here have been continuously improved in successive dynasties: Baigong Canal in Han Dynasty, Sanbai Canal in Tang Dynasty, Fengli Canal in Song Dynasty, Shiqu Canal in Yu Wang in Yuan Dynasty, Guanghui Canal and Tongji Canal in Ming Dynasty and Longdong Canal in Qing Dynasty. There was a folk song in the Han Dynasty: "Where is the field? Taniguchi Chiyang. Zheng is in the front and Bai Qu is in the back. Raise the bell for the cloud and raise the canal for the rain. The water mirror is a stone, its mud is a bucket, it is irrigation and dung, and it grows my millet. Food and clothing capital, the mouth of hundreds of millions. " Zan is a water diversion project.
Lingqu
Lingqu, built in 2 14 BC (thirty-three years of Qin Shihuang), is an ancient canal across the Xiangjiang River system and the Pearl River system. It is located in Xing 'an, the center of Gui Xiang Corridor, and is also called "Three Major Water Conservancy Projects in Qin" with Zheng Guoqu in Shaanxi and Dujiangyan in Sichuan. Mr. Guo Moruo called it: "Responding to the North and South of the Great Wall is a wonder of the world."
Lingqu has a long history and exquisite design, with a total length of 37 kilometers. It consists of nozzle, balance, south ditch, north ditch, drainage balance and steep door. The water in the ocean is divided into three parts, three parts enter the Lijiang River and seven parts enter the Xiangjiang River, which connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six northern countries in 22 1 BC, he launched a large-scale military conquest of Baiyue in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi in 21BC. Qin Jun won victory after victory on the battlefield, but struggled in Guangdong and Guangxi for three years without any achievements. It turned out that the topography of Guangxi caused the lack of transportation and supplies. Therefore, improving and ensuring transportation supply has become the key to the success or failure of this war. Qin Shihuang strategized and ordered Shilu to split the mountain and dig a canal. Shilu finally dug a canal in Xing 'an through accurate calculation, which miraculously connected the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system, so that reinforcements and materials were continuously transported to the front line, which promoted the development of the war and finally formally incorporated the vast area of Lingnan into the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty.
Dujiangyan irrigation system
Dujiangyan is located on the Minjiang River in the west of Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, 56 kilometers away from Chengdu. It is a large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County in Qin State during the Warring States Period, and it is the oldest existing water conservancy project in China that still irrigates farmland and benefits the people.
History: Dujiangyan, founded by Li Bing in Shu County during the Warring States Period in 227 BC, is the oldest water conservancy project in China, a monument in the history of science and technology in China, and is known as a miracle of the world. For more than 2250 years, water diversion irrigation has made Sichuan a "land of abundance". Dujiangyan is the source of abundance and still plays an irreplaceable role, irrigating more than 6,543,800 mu of fertile land.
Composition: The most important part of Dujiangyan water conservancy project is Dujiangyan headwork project, which is the key facility of Dujiangyan irrigation system. The head of the canal is mainly composed of the fishmouth diversion dike, the drainage project of Baokoukou and the spillway of Sha Fei weir.
Treasure Bottle Mouth: Before the treasure bottle mouth was dug, it was a part of Hutou Rock in Xushan. According to the characteristics of water flow and topography, Li Bing cut a wedge-shaped hole with a bottom width of17m at the gentle slope. In dry season, the width of the canyon is19m, and in wet season, it is 23m. According to the Military Records of Yongkang, "spring ploughing is like gold", which is called "golden irrigation". Therefore, the bottle mouth of Aquarius was also called the golden pouring mouth in ancient times. Bottle mouth is the throat of water intake in Neijiang, and it is the key water conservancy facility of "crossing the flood and drought with people" in Neijiang. Because of its magnificent natural landscape, the bottle mouth is known as "Staying Piles to Lock the Gorge" and is one of the famous "Ten Scenes of Guanyang" in history.
Anlan Cable Bridge: An Lan Bridge is a famous ancient cable bridge at home and abroad. It is located on the Fenshui Dike in Yu Zui, Dujiangyan, spanning both the inner and outer rivers, with a total length of 500 meters. The cable bridge originated in western Sichuan. The exact date of the construction of Anlan Cable Bridge is not available, but according to the records of Huayang and Shu, Li Bing is "capable". The book Water Classic Notes on Rivers records that "there is a bridge in Fujiang River", which proves that at least the construction of An Lan Bridge will not be later than the construction of Dujiang Weir. "Bamboo" means bamboo cable, which is the main building material of ancient cable bridge in western Sichuan, so Anlan cable bridge is also called bamboo bridge, cable bridge and bamboo rattan bridge.
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal
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The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is a great water conservancy project in ancient China, and it is also the earliest and longest grand canal in the world. It started in Zhejiang in the south.
Hangzhou, with a total length of 1794 km, runs through six provinces and cities and flows through five major water systems: Qiantang River, Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River.
Its excavation has gone through three historical stages: in 486 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, first dug a gully in Yangzhou, connecting the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. By the 7th century,
In the 3rd century, Yang Di and Yuan Dynasty dug canals twice on a large scale, and finally built a great movement to connect the north and south of China.
The section from Tianjin to Tongxian Beiguan and Zhangjiawan is called North Canal, also called Luhe, with a total length of 186 km. Tongxian is a famous gateway to Beijing.
Hui River was designed and built by Guo Shoujing, a great water conservancy expert and astronomer in the early Yuan Dynasty. Because Beijing is higher than Tongxian, and it is on the Tonghui River.
Five gates were built to control the water level, so that big ships from the south could reach the Jishuitan in Beijing. At that time, Jishuitan was "full of water" and became
North-south water transport port, the nearby market is prosperous, unprecedented. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal has been unimpeded for hundreds of years, which has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of the Yangtze River.
Flow, solve the problems such as transferring grain from south to north, played an important role. However, since the19th century, due to the opening of North-South shipping and the opening of the Jin-Pu Railway, the Yellow River
The diversion of the river blocked the middle section of the canal, so some sections of the river were suspended, and only the first line of Jiangsu and Zhejiang remained open and became a tourist hotline. In order to adapt to the modernization of China.
In recent years, the demand for the rapid development of tourism has been at the intersection of four rivers, such as the North Canal and Wenyu River in Tongxian County, Beijing, namely Beiguan and Zhangjiawan in Tongzhou.
On the site of the ancient canal, the Grand Canal tourist area and memorial hall were built, which gave the vast number of Chinese and foreign tourists a glimpse of the charming charm of the former Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.
Qiantang River seawall
The cost of repairing the Qiantang River seawall before the Tang Dynasty is impossible to verify. During the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the seawall on the north shore was built. According to Yan Kuan's Preface to Haining Water Conservancy in the Ming Dynasty, "it can only benefit from the financial resources of several counties."
In the sixth year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (12 13), the court allocated funds to repair the broken pond in Shanyin County. After that, the confiscated gardens and fields will be purchased, and the annual rental interest will be used as the annual restoration fund of the seawall. The annual maintenance funds of the seawall in Longshan area of Lin 'an area are allocated to Shicao on an annual basis by households. During the reign of Jia (1237 ~ 1240), the tax on cultivated land reclaimed along the river in Lin 'an Prefecture was allocated as the fund for repairing ponds. During the reign of Xianchun (1265 ~ 1274), a lot of money was spent on the construction of Haiyan seawall. In addition to sending rice and food to the county, there are donations from the county magistrate and citizens.
During the reign of Taiding (1324 ~ 1327), the first section of Yanguanzhou on the north bank of Haitang was restored. In addition to the levy, more than 794,000 ingot banknotes and 46,300 stone grain were used and submitted to the court for appropriation. A hundred miles seawall was built on the south bank to persuade people to donate grain and rice.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the large-scale construction of Haiyan and Pinghu on the north shore seawall used the financial resources of the nine governments, including the Soviet Union and the Song Dynasty. During Chenghua period (1465 ~ 1487), the construction funds of the north shore seawall included Hangzhou bamboo and wood tax, various fines and atonement money. In the future, the annual repair section of Haiyan seawall will be established, and 3,500 ~ 7,000 taels of silver will be apportioned in 7 counties of Jiaxing Prefecture every year. If the expenditure in that year is more than enough, it will be carried forward to the next year. During the Wanli period (1573 ~ 16 19), Haining and Pinghu also raised 300 taels and 600 taels of silver respectively. However, the three-year turmoil in Wanli destroyed the pond, and the accumulated reserves over the years were not enough for work, so "the soldier's salary of the vassal company", "the money won by the post station" and "the money redeemed by other counties" were set aside for seawall work. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to financial constraints, the construction of the North Shore seawall even required money, food and donations from officials at all levels. The construction cost of the south bank seawall is mostly collected from the beneficiary fields, and some governments and counties allocate grain for storage. Xiao Shao Haitang also used atonement money, fines and donations from county heads and citizens. In the 15th year of Jiajing (1536), Xiaoshan County helped the workers pay for the construction of Sanjiang Sluice. Since then, the construction of fish ponds in Xijiang and Beihai under Xiaoshan's jurisdiction has been aided by Yin Shan and Huiji counties, but the share in different periods is different. This system did not change until the Qing Dynasty.
In the early Qing dynasty, except for ICBC, officials and gentry donated rice per mu, and all kinds of fines and recovered counterfeit money were used as the expenses for pond construction. In the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (1724), due to the "cancellation of public funds retention", the regulations on mutual assistance among governments were also cancelled. After approval, all the people were willing to donate money for the seawall project, and they were allowed to enter Guo Jianzi in imperial academy, which was called the donation prison at that time. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), it was ordered to repair the seawall with positive money and grain. In eleven years, he was allowed to donate officials, and the proceeds were used as the money for repairing the pond. In October of 13th year, Li Hong, Emperor Gaozong, ascended the throne, thinking that the method of donating money to get an official position was not conducive to official management, and the Qiantang River seawall project was funded by positive money and grain. However, after thirty years of Qianlong (1765), the construction funds of the North Shore seawall were not only allocated by regular money and grain, but also included salt introduction fees, public salt classes, various fines, confiscation of funds and donations from salt merchants and salt officials. Among them, the construction of Fangongtang Shitang took 49 years, and salt merchants donated 602,000 silver at one time. Since 195 1 year, the surplus deposits of the seawall fund and the silver borrowed from the San Francisco state treasury have been lent to businessmen to live in, and the proceeds are used as the annual seawall repair fund. In the sixteenth year of Daoguang (1836), Haiyan Baiyang River borrowed money from Fanku to cultivate the pond and attached soil, and then collected (dredged) the river fee with the amount of "land and water" and repaid the loan in six years. During the Daoguang period, the system of "donating officials" was resumed, and the Qiantang River and Tanggu Industrial and Commercial Bank of China collected land tax on an annual basis. During the Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong periods (1862 ~1911), the post-war treasury was empty and people's livelihood was depressed, so it was urgent to repair the collapsed pond. After many planning, we tried our best to obtain funds from nine channels, including Haining. Secondly, when collecting donations of tea, silk, (salt) and silkworm cocoons, donations from pond workers should be added. The third is to share the cost of salt class. The fourth is to distribute tariffs between Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The fifth is to stop the transfer payment of military pay in Fujian Province. Sixth, Jiangsu Province's auxiliary economy. 7. Title donation. 8. Donate money for Yin Fu. Earn interest for public developers. When the Taiping Army was in Zhejiang, the seawall in Haining collapsed, and Li Xiucheng, a loyal soldier, asked all counties to raise funds to repair the seawall. To this end, relevant county and township officials raised more than 8,000 taels of silver.
The construction funds of Xiaoshao seawall on the south bank mainly come from beneficiary fields. In the early Qing Dynasty, Yin Shan and Huiji counties once had a value pond field system, that is, the fields near the pond were classified as river fields, aiming at protecting the seawall and not participating in all the corvees in the county. When it is not enough, it will start to work in other areas of the county. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), Emperor Li Hong ordered the construction of the Guanying dike project along the river and along the coast of Shaoxing. When a project needs to be repaired, it is almost an example of using public funds to stop issuing money per mu, but it is not always implemented. Thirty years later, the construction funds of Xiaoshao Begonia, in addition to the above-mentioned collection of beneficial fields, also include the interest-bearing funds of public funds such as salt introduction fee, lijin, special funds for miscellaneous taxes on teeth, funds for the West Lake landscape project, and donations from local gentry and salt merchants. The construction funds of Baili seawall in Qing Dynasty are the same as those of Xiaoshao seawall, except for two sources: Wuli gold and miscellaneous tax special fund. After 30 years of Daoguang (1850), Songxia Lianjia made the greatest contribution to pond building.