Problem description:
Such as the title?
Analysis:
Shenyang is the leader of Northeast China, and the honors of Northeast China are as follows:
History of honor in Northeast China
1. Zhang Xueliang is in power
Many of Zhang Xueliang's modernization projects in Northeast China were the first in the country at that time. The industries established by Zhang Xueliang in Northeast China are mainly heavy industry and extractive industry. At that time, the railway, mining and steel industries in Northeast China were also the most developed in China. In agriculture, he vigorously promoted military reclamation and civilian reclamation. In Xing 'an Reclamation Area, Zhang Xueliang bought tractors from the United States, which was the first time that China people used agricultural machinery for large-scale farming.
Zhang Xueliang also began to restrict Japanese-funded enterprises through measures such as rectifying finance and stabilizing prices, actively supported national industries, and re-developed the northeast national industry and commerce that was on the verge of bankruptcy under Japanese economic aggression. In terms of transportation, Zhang Xueliang has long resisted Japan's "railway negotiations" and stepped up the construction of his own railway. He presided over the construction of Datong, Fenghai and other railways and Huludao New Port, which made the mileage of self-built and self-operated railways in Northeast China rank first in the country at that time, which dealt a heavy blow to the monopoly of Japanese capital management and safeguarded national interests. In addition, Zhang Xueliang has also taken active measures in telecommunications, foreign trade and attracting overseas Chinese investment. He personally flew a plane to deliver mail from Shenyang to Yingkou, and started the airmail in China. Northeast Radio Headquarters initiated the radio communication service between China and European and American countries.
Zhang Xueliang not only attaches importance to the development of industry, but also vigorously develops education. 1July, 928, Zhang Xueliang personally became the president of Northeastern University, and donated 1.8 million yuan for the construction of Northeastern University for three times, making Northeastern University a formal comprehensive university with seven colleges. Northeastern University professors are famous all over the country, such as Zhang and Huang Kan, whose monthly salary exceeds that of the then president.
Zhang Xueliang attaches great importance to sports. He created many firsts in the history of modern sports in China. He established the first modern stadium in China in the northeast. From 65438 to 0932, he sponsored Liu Changchun to participate in the 10th Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, USA, becoming the first person in China to participate in the Olympic Games.
1931May, China's first self-made car rolled off the assembly line in Shenyang, with Minsheng brand 75.
2. The eldest son of the Republic of * * *
The old industrial base in Northeast China is an industrial base with heavy industry as its main feature in order to realize industrialization and establish a complete industrial system in the early days of the founding of New China. From the "First Five-Year Plan" period to the 1990s, the old industrial base in Northeast China has made great contributions to China's economic construction and is worthy of the title of "the eldest son of China". Now the old industrial base is facing the difficulty of insufficient stamina, which is inevitably related to its long-term high investment. The construction and development of the old industrial base in Northeast China is a successful example of building a complete industrial system in China. People will never forget that the old industrial base in Northeast China is the industrial system in China.
First of all, it has promoted the rapid growth of the national economy and provided rich tax revenue for the national finance.
The completion of the industrial base in Northeast China has promoted the rapid economic growth of New China and made outstanding contributions to the economic development and industrialization of China. Only from the development of the following enterprises, it is not difficult to see the important role of the northeast industrial base.
(1) A typical enterprise that plays an outstanding role in economic construction.
1. The cradle of China automobile industry-Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory. Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory is the first batch of key projects aided by the former Soviet Union during the first five-year plan period. The site selection began on April 1950, and in July 1953, FAW held a grand groundbreaking ceremony. From March 1956, the first furnace of molten iron, the first batch of castings, the first engine gearbox and the first cab were born here. In July of the same year 13, FAW successfully trial-produced the first car in China-"Jiefang" brand car; 10 On June 5th, FAW was officially completed and put into production. In that year, Jiefang car 1240 was manufactured and Gith 150 was assembled. Since then, China's automobile industry has started. By 1962, FAW had developed from a single variety to multiple varieties and series, forming three series of "liberation", "red flag" and "off-road". From 1956- 1987 alone, FAW has produced1280,000 "Jiefang" cars, accounting for about 50% of the national truck ownership. By 1985, FAW had paid 61600,000 yuan in profits, taxes and depreciation expenses to the state, which was equivalent to 10 times of the investment in building a factory.
In 1960s, the country began to build the second automobile factory. From 1965 to 1970, FAW undertook the design tasks of 1 1 professional factory and heat treatment electroplating system, including the second automobile assembly, trunk, chassis parts, castings, forgings, frames, car bodies, wheels, axles and engines. As the cradle of China automobile industry, FAW has also supported the construction and development of many brother automobile factories and machinery factories, played a positive role in the development of China automobile industry and even the whole machinery industry, and made great contributions to the establishment and development of China automobile industry.
2. Jilin Chemical Industry Company, the first large-scale chemical base in China. Jilin Chemical Industry Company was formerly known as Jilin Chemical Plant. During the "First Five-Year Plan" period, Jilin Dye Factory, Jilin Fertilizer Factory and Jilin Calcium Carbide Factory in the 156 key project aided by the former Soviet Union were all built here together. During the period of 1954, the first phase of the third factory aided by the former Soviet Union was fully started. It took only three and a half years to build the largest dye factory and fertilizer factory in China at that time, and installed the largest power plant furnace and a series of processing equipment in Asia. On June 25th, 1957, the first phase of Jihua Company started production. In June 5438+0958, Jilin Chemical Company was formally established, with 12 grass-roots plants under its jurisdiction. During the first five-year plan period, this large-scale joint chemical enterprise with coal and oil as raw materials completed the total industrial output value 1700. It has not only become a pillar industry in Jilin Province, but also made great contributions to supporting the development and construction of the national chemical industry.
3. Daqing Oilfield which has changed the face of China's petroleum industry. To study the historical contribution of the old industrial base in Northeast China, we can't help but talk about the anniversary oil field. Anniversary Oilfield is one of the few super-large oilfields in the world with an annual output of more than 50 million tons of crude oil, which has made great contributions to the national economic construction. Daqing Oilfield not only provided nearly12 crude oil to China, but also paid the most profits and taxes to China. 1960- 1987, the annual oil field produced 900 million tons of crude oil, and the government paid 81900 million yuan, equivalent to 2 1 times of the national investment in the oil field in the same period.
(2) Profit, tax and material transfer in the three northeastern provinces.
1. Turn in profits and taxes and materials transferred from Heilongjiang. During the first five-year plan period, the profits turned over by Heilongjiang province to the state were more than three times that of the industrial investment given by the state, which strongly supported the country's economic construction. According to the input-output table of 198 1 year in Heilongjiang province, the transferred products in that year were1193 million yuan, and the transferred products were 901300 million yuan, which was a balance between transfer and transfer, and the net transferred products were 2.8 billion yuan. This situation basically reflects the contribution of Heilongjiang Province to the country. During the more than 30 years from 1953 to 1987, the whole province transported 306 million tons of coal, 269 million cubic meters of wood, 725 million tons of crude oil, 64.75 million tons of grain, 23.98 million kilowatts of power generation equipment and a large number of metallurgical equipment, mining equipment, machine tools, trucks, steel, aluminum, bearings and instruments. During the period of 1953- 1987, the province turned over 46.73 billion yuan to the central finance.
2. Jilin Province pays profits and taxes and transfers materials. Jilin Province achieved fiscal balance in 195 1, so it became the first province to achieve a slight fiscal balance after the founding of New China. 1950- 1952, the total fiscal revenue of Jilin province was 754 million yuan, which was turned over to the state for 569 million yuan in three years, accounting for 75.5% of the total revenue of the province, making a contribution to the fundamental improvement of the national financial and economic situation. During the "First Five-Year Plan" period, the total fiscal revenue of Jilin Province reached 2.753 billion yuan, which was turned over to the central government for 654.38+655 million yuan, accounting for 60. 1% of the total fiscal revenue of Jilin Province. In addition, Jilin Province has also made great progress in automobile manufacturing, petrochemical industry, energy industry, coal industry and metallurgical industry. Not only has a number of large national backbone enterprises, but also provides a large number of related materials and equipment for the country.
3. Liaoning Province pays profits and taxes and transfers materials. 1953- 1988, the profits and taxes provided by industrial enterprises in Liaoning province were more than four times that of the national investment in the same period. Among the imported raw materials, pig iron, steel, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc are the largest. 1952- 1988, the net transfer of pig iron is 61130,000 tons, and the transfer of copper, aluminum, lead and zinc is 3.83 million tons; The net import of steel reached 79.49 million tons, accounting for 52.9% of the province's total output. The imported products from petroleum industry are mainly petroleum products, only 198 1- 1988, and the net output value of imported products from petroleum processing industry is 26.99 billion yuan. Among the chemical products, the output of soda ash in Liaoning is the largest, and the transfer amount is also large. 1952- 1988 intermediate net transfer of soda ash reached11780,000 tons (about 2/3 of its output) and caustic soda reached1650,000 tons. During this period, the total net transfer of cement also reached 55.08 million tons. In addition, there are a large number of other production and construction materials, and a large number of heavy industrial products have been transferred out, which has become a remarkable feature of Liaoning province's industry. According to statistics only 1953- 1994, Liaoning province has paid a total of 323.4 billion yuan to the central finance.
The northeast old industrial base has made many outstanding contributions to the country. For example, according to the statistics of 200 1, the total output of automobiles in the three northeastern provinces accounts for 26. 1% of the country, among which the cars produced by FAW Group account for 22. 1%, the heavy trucks account for 50%, the crude oil processing capacity accounts for 29.3%, and the ethylene production capacity accounts for 365,438+. In addition, the three northeastern provinces are also important commodity grain production bases and forestry bases in China. The timber output in Northeast China accounts for 50% of the national timber supply, and the commodity grain provided accounts for 1/3 of the national total. Daxinganling Mountains, which straddles Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is one of the main distribution areas of natural forests in China, and has the largest contiguous state-owned forest area in China. Since the development and construction of 1964, it has provided the country with commercial timber10.20 billion cubic meters and paid profits and taxes of 410.30 billion yuan, which is10.4 times of the national investment in the same period. It has made outstanding contributions to providing commercial timber for national construction and ensuring ecological security in Northeast China and North China.
Second, it has provided valuable experience for the establishment and improvement of the management system of industrial enterprises in China, and sent a large number of talents for the training of * * * and China.
The northeast old industrial base has not only made great contributions to the Republic of China in material aspects, but also contributed a lot in non-material fields.
(1) Establish and improve the management system of industrial enterprises.
After the founding of New China, it is necessary not only to change the enterprise management system that reflects the exploitation and oppression of bureaucratic capitalism and does not meet the requirements of socialized mass production, but also to establish an enterprise management system that adapts to the development of social productive forces and the socialist system, and all this is accomplished through democratic reform and production reform. In this regard, the old industrial base in Northeast China has also contributed. 195 1 in February and March, the national industrial conference held by the central financial and economic Committee decided that the production management of state-owned industrial enterprises should be under the director responsibility system, but the implementation of the director responsibility system should be combined with the democratization of management. Under the condition of implementing the factory director responsibility system, it is undoubtedly of great significance to realize this combination for the democratic reform of enterprises. A fundamental condition for realizing this combination is to strengthen the party's leadership over state-owned enterprises. Therefore, in May 195 1, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the resolution of the Central Northeast Bureau on the Party's leadership over state-owned enterprises. Based on the Party's experience in managing factories and mines in Northeast China and guided by Marxism, this resolution has made a series of clear provisions on how to combine with democratic management to realize the Party's guarantee and supervision role under the condition of implementing the factory director responsibility system. Under the guidance of the resolution, at that time, the No.53 factory in Northeast China relied on workers to overcome various difficulties, transform old enterprises, establish a socialist management system, overfulfilled the national plan year by year, gradually improved and improved the working conditions and material and cultural life of workers, and accumulated a relatively complete set of experience. Many problems that have been solved by Northeast 53 Factory are exactly the problems that many factories and mines did not solve or were exploring at that time. Therefore, People's Daily published an editorial-"Promoting the Experience of Fifty-three Factories". In addition, there is the Ma Hengchang production team of Shenyang No.5 Machinery Factory. In just 1950, Ma Hengchang team improved 15 kinds of production tools, setting 25 new records and completing the production task ahead of schedule. Since 1950, Ma Hengchang Group's experience of "studying technology, having a clear division of labor and helping new workers" has been popularized all over the country, and Ma Hengchang Group Competition has been held, which has played an important role in adapting to the needs of large-scale economic construction, establishing a new socialist enterprise management system and interpersonal relationship, and improving workers' sense of ownership and enthusiasm for work. Although the resolution was made under the condition of the initial implementation of the planned economy system, some important contents (such as the combination of factory director responsibility system and management democratization to realize the party's guarantee and supervision role) still have practical guiding significance in the current transition to the socialist market economy.
Starting from 1956, China Central Committee and Mao Zedong explored the establishment of an economic management system suitable for China's specific situation (including industry), and at the same time explored the establishment of such an industrial enterprise management system. On March 1960, 1 1, the Anshan Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China wrote a report entitled "Report on the Development of Technological Innovation and Technological Revolution on the Industrial Front" to the CPC Central Committee, introducing their preliminary experience in this regard. Mao Zedong also spoke highly of Angang's experience in the comment on writing drafted by the Central Committee, calling it "Angang Constitution", requiring large and medium-sized enterprises across the country to learn from these experiences. According to the main content of "Angang Constitution" summarized by Mao Zedong, China has carried out the exploration and practice of strengthening the leadership of the Party, implementing the factory director responsibility system under the leadership of the Party Committee, insisting on politics first, engaging in mass movements and implementing "two participation, one reform and three combinations" in establishing a socialist enterprise management system suitable for China's specific situation. In this exploration, Heilongjiang Tsinghua Tool Factory took the lead in gaining experience. In this regard, the People's Daily published a preliminary summary of the experience of the Party Committee of Tsinghua Tool Factory on April 25 1958 on cadres' participation in production, workers' participation in management and business reform, and pointed out in the editor's note: "The experience of the Party Committee of Tsinghua Tool Factory on cadres' participation in production and workers' participation in management and business reform is of great significance. This experience should be implemented in all qualified industrial enterprises in the country. " This exploration has played a positive role in the construction of new China enterprise management system. Even in today's socialist market economy, many contents in the Angang Constitution, such as ideological and political education, "two participation, one reform and three combination", still play a unique and irreplaceable role in improving the quality and enthusiasm of employees.
(2) While improving the level of urbanization, it has trained and transported a large number of talents for the country.
156 The investment in Northeast China has greatly promoted the development of this region. Around this 156 key project, thousands of supporting projects have been built, which has established the position of Northeast China as the main industrial base of new China. After several five-year plans, a number of important industrial cities such as Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Benxi, Fushun, Jilin, Changchun, Harbin, Qiqihar and Daqing have formed in Northeast China. 1987, the non-agricultural population in China accounted for 19.8%, and Heilongjiang Province accounted for 410.4%, which was the lowest level of urbanization in China at that time. By 2002, the urbanization level of Liaoning Province reached 54%, ranking first in the country. The old industrial base in Northeast China has not only built an independent and complete industrial system and national economic system for China, but also made great historical contributions to the country's reform, opening up and modernization, and also made the three northeastern provinces become provinces with a high proportion of urbanization.
At the same time, the three northeastern provinces also trained and transported hundreds of thousands of technical and management talents for various places, which strongly supported the economic construction of the Republic of China. For example, after the completion of Fulaerji Thermal Power Plant, it trained operation and management talents for more than 20 high-temperature and high-pressure power plants nationwide, and sent a large number of technical and management cadres to the country. Since 1963, anniversary Oilfield has sent more than 86,000 cadres, engineers and technicians and workers to various oilfields in China, making outstanding contributions to supporting the development of the national petroleum industry. As the earliest chemical base in China, Jilin Chemical Company has trained and transported a large number of talents for all parts of the country. In the 1950s and 1980s alone, more than 56,300 management cadres and engineers and technicians were trained and transported for similar enterprises, universities and some countries. Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory transferred more than 4,000 people to support the construction of the Second Automobile Company, including 9 19 cadres (including 596 engineers and technicians) and 2,888 old technicians. And trained a large number of specialized workers for the second automobile. By 1985, FAW had delivered18,000 cadres and production technical backbones to all parts of the country. Due to the limited information available, it is not yet possible to make specific statistics on how many management cadres and technicians have been trained and transported in the old industrial bases in Northeast China, but it is certain that this figure is quite large, which is also a significant contribution made by the three northeastern provinces to the economic construction of China.
From the historical contribution of the old industrial base in Northeast China, we can see that Northeast China has a prominent and important position in the history of new China construction. (1) Before the reform and opening up, many means of production such as oil, steel, coal and cement. Produced in the old industrial base in Northeast China, it was transferred out of the three northeastern provinces through planned allocation at a very low price. Today, a large number of cheap industrial products are still transferred out of the three northeastern provinces every year. (2) Under the condition of planned economy at that time, most of the profits of many large and super-large enterprises were turned over to Guo Ding, and the large and super-large enterprises in the three northeastern provinces accounted for a considerable proportion in the industrial economy in Northeast China, so their contribution to the country is self-evident. (3) After the founding of New China, the tax revenue of the three northeastern provinces has been higher than the national average. Even in the 1980s and for a long time thereafter, the tax revenue was still much higher than that in the eastern coastal areas. (4) In the process of its growth, the old industrial base in Northeast China also has an excellent tradition of system and system innovation. In 1950s, the industrial base in Northeast China contributed the most effective planned economy system to the people of China at that time, and the formation of this system not only copied the experience of the former Soviet Union, but also combined with the actual situation in Northeast China. (5) In terms of enterprise management, the Northeast Industrial Base has also established a set of enterprise management methods, including the once-implemented "one-long system". The Northeast Industrial Base has also created many important construction experiences such as "anniversary experience" and "Angang Constitution" for China's economic construction, made outstanding contributions to the establishment and improvement of the management system of industrial enterprises, and trained and transported a large number of management cadres and technical personnel for the country. (6) Due to the development of industrialization, a number of emerging industrial cities have been promoted in the three northeastern provinces, making the three northeastern provinces the regions with the highest level of urbanization in China, embarking on an urbanization road with local characteristics and gaining many successful experiences. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the three northeastern provinces have conscientiously implemented the principles and policies of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, boldly explored, faced difficulties, made great efforts to fight the tough battle of state-owned enterprise reform, actively adjusted the layout and structure of the state-owned economy, and actively explored the establishment of a social security system and economic transformation in resource-exhausted areas. The deepening of various reforms, the expanding pace of opening to the outside world and the acceleration of economic construction have made new contributions to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy. In a certain sense, Northeast China is not only the key construction and industrialization base in the first 30 years of New China, but also "the undertaker of the great cause of reform and opening up in China". Without the contribution of the Northeast, there would be no * * * today.