Characteristics of information: Information has many important characteristics, including authenticity, hierarchy, transferability, transferability and enjoyment. It should be noted that through the analysis of information characteristics, we can see that on the one hand, information resources can be fully utilized for the enjoyment and dissemination of * * *; On the other hand, it is precisely because of its characteristics that there are great risks and many uncertain factors in the process of applying and processing information.
Capital flow: the main form of reflecting the operating conditions of enterprises in monetary form. Specifically, it includes the process of fund circulation such as collection, payment, bookkeeping and transfer.
Transaction flow: refers to all kinds of business management behaviors generated by enterprises in dealing with internal or external activities, and the process of these behaviors constitutes a transaction flow. Specifically, it includes management methods and operation procedures, instructions and commands between superiors and subordinates, etc.
Information flow: refers to the flow process of information other than logistics, capital flow and transaction flow. Such as production plan, sales plan and various documents, statistics and reports.
Information flow plays a vital role in enterprises, which is embodied in the following aspects: (1) With the emergence of other flows such as logistics, there is corresponding information flow. (2) Information flow reflects the state of other flows and has the function of controlling and regulating other flows.
Management information: it is the information that has an impact on the subsequent enterprise management decision after processing, analyzing and interpreting the original data obtained in the production and operation activities of the enterprise. The main characteristics of management information are: 1, with a large amount of information. 2. The sources are very scattered.
Classification of management information: classified by information source, which can be divided into external information and internal information.
The external information of an enterprise, also called exogenous information, is all kinds of information transmitted to the enterprise from the external environment of the enterprise, including the information of higher authorities, financial departments, relevant information service centers, domestic and foreign markets, suppliers and sales units. Internal information of an enterprise, also called endogenous information, is all kinds of information produced in the process of enterprise production, operation and management, such as original records, quotas, indicators, statistical reports and analytical data.
According to the nature of information, it can be divided into conventional information and accidental information. Conventional information, also known as fixed information, reflects the normal production and business activities of enterprises, and appears and uses repeatedly in a certain period of time in accordance with unified procedures or formats, without essential changes.
Management information includes three levels: strategic information, tactical information and operational information.
1, strategic information is also called decision information. Strategic information is mainly used to establish the goals of enterprise organization and improve the quality of products and services of enterprises; Change the operation mode and management concept of the enterprise, and formulate the company's long-term development plan.
2. Tactical information is also called management control information. It is the information that middle managers of enterprises need to control the production and operation process, and it is mainly used for production management, material management and so on.
3. Post information is the information that reflects the daily production and business activities of the enterprise.
It comes from the grass-roots departments of enterprises, and mainly provides the basis for enterprises to grasp the production progress, formulate and adjust the production plan.
Enterprise informatization refers to the process that enterprises continuously improve the efficiency and level of production, operation, management and decision-making, and improve the economic benefits and competitiveness of enterprises through the in-depth development and extensive use of information resources and the application of modern and constantly developing technologies. From the perspective of management, enterprise informatization is a process of systematization, integration and automation of enterprise information, and it is also a process of planning, realization, operation and management of enterprise information system. Enterprise informatization is an important part of promoting the informatization of China's entire national economy, and it is the basis and premise for informatization to drive industrialization.
A system is an organic whole, which is composed of several interdependent parts and combined together for some goals. The meaning of system concept: firstly, a system must be composed of two or more elements or units, and the components of the system are interactive and interdependent, and the components of the system are interrelated; Secondly, the components of the system are combined into an organic whole for some goals, that is, the system has a purpose.
The system has the following main features: 1, hierarchical; 2. Integrity; 3. purpose; 4. Relevance; 5. borders;
Systematic method: We should understand the system in this way: when we analyze a thing from a systematic point of view, it is a system; when we examine and analyze things from the input, processing, boundary, output, goal and feedback of the system, the analyzed object is a system.
A systematic approach requires people to do the following:
1, considering the integrity of the system. 2. Consider the internal relationship and synergy of system components. 3. Consider the relationship between the system and the environment.
Information system: it is a system that takes computer, network and other information technologies as the core and processes information resources to achieve a certain system goal. It consists of people, software, hardware and information resources. In the system, people and machines act together to achieve system goals, such as handling business or making decisions. Its basic structure consists of four parts: input, processing, output and feedback.
Analysis methods in information development: For system development, there are generally two systems development methods: bottom-up and top-down.
The main advantages of bottom-up analysis are: 1. The bottom-up analysis method conforms to the logical process of practical application, and the developed system is easy to adapt to the real needs of the organization. 2. It is helpful to find and understand the additional requirements of each system, and it is easy to judge its cost. 3. Relatively speaking, each stage is small in scale and easy to control and manage. 4. Due to the summary nature of the method, the qualitative summary system may not meet the overall goal of the enterprise. 5. Due to the global planning of the system, it is difficult to ensure the data consistency and integrity of the system.
Advantages of top-down gradual improvement: 1. Support the overall planning of enterprise information system and ensure the coordination and communication of each subsystem of the system. 2. The practice of this method is conducive to improving the overall ability of enterprise personnel to observe problems. The main disadvantage of top-down gradual refinement: 1, which requires higher requirements for system analysts and designers. 2. For large-scale systems, the implementation of lower-level systems often lacks binding force.
Management information system: an information processing system that is people-oriented and based on information technology, connects information flows, collects, transmits, stores, processes, updates and maintains information, generates information needed by managers, improves cooperation, efficiency and decision-making, and assists enterprises in managing resources and making profits.
Management information system is generally regarded as a pyramid structure, which is divided into four levels from the bottom business processing subsystem to the execution control subsystem, management control subsystem and strategic planning subsystem. Management information system has the function of assisting planning, control, forecasting and decision-making.
Chapter II Management Information System and Organizational Change
Management is understood as a process in which managers or management institutions rationally allocate and effectively use the resources (including people, money, materials, time and information) owned by an organization through planning, organizing, controlling and leading within a certain range, so as to achieve the predetermined goals of the organization. Management is a process; 2. The core of management is to achieve the goal; 3. The management means to achieve the goal is to use all kinds of resources owned by the organization. 4. The essence of management is coordination.
Specifically, management can be further divided into five functions, namely, planning, organization, guidance, coordination and control.
Levels of management: Generally, we divide management into three levels: top management, middle management and grass-roots management. 1. Top management belongs to strategic management and refers to the top leadership of an organization. Its main function is to analyze and formulate the long-term goals and policies of the organization according to the overall situation inside and outside the organization. 2. Middle management belongs to tactical management. Its main task is to formulate resource allocation plans and timetables according to the overall goals set by the top management, and organize grass-roots units to achieve the overall goals. 3. Grass-roots management, also known as functional management or operation management, is a plan made according to middle management, which specifically organizes manpower to complete the plan.
Information system elements: 1, organization and change. 2. management. 3. technology. 4. Global business competitive environment.
Traditional enterprise organization forms: mainly linear system, functional system, linear-functional system, business division system, matrix system and so on.
After the 1980s, in the face of drastic changes in organizational environment and relying on the rapid development of information technology, a series of innovative organizational structures have emerged, especially virtual organizations and flat organizations. A common feature of these new organizational structures is that they simplify the internal organizational structure, especially weaken the hierarchy, promote the exchange of information and knowledge within the organization and the participation of each member in the decision-making process, making the enterprise organization more sensitive, flexible and competitive to the changes of the external environment.
Virtual organization: it is a temporary and dynamic "virtual" enterprise composed of several independent enterprises. Its members include manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and customers.
Organizational flattening: mainly refers to the working process of reducing the number of middle-level managers through the adjustment of organizational structure.
There is an interactive relationship between information systems and organizations. Specifically, on the one hand, the goal of the organization determines the goal of the information system, and the change of the organization and the business demand of the external environment of the enterprise promote the development of information technology; On the other hand, informatization helps to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.
Influence of organization on information system: 1. Organizational strategy determines the goal of information system development. 2. Organizational change has promoted the development of information technology. 3. Organizational constraints restrict the change of information system.
Impact of information system on organization: 1. Information system's support for organizational strategy. 2. Information technology provides support for enterprise reform. 3. Information system will also become the burden of the organization.
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a fundamental rethinking and thorough redesign of business processes, so as to fundamentally improve the key performance indicators such as the speed, quality, service and cost of enterprise contracting.
Enterprise process refers to the workflow of a series of activities in the process of production or service. Business process reengineering focuses on simplifying and optimizing the relationship between tasks and reducing redundant processes. We can use three key words to describe the characteristics of BPR, namely, fundamental, thorough and huge.
The work steps of business process reengineering are divided into the following stages: 1, describing the environment and defining the objectives. 2. Standardize the original process. 3. Integration and process reengineering.
Chapter III Technical Basis of Information System
Information technology refers to the technology represented by modern computer and communication technology, which provides support for the production, collection, processing, processing, transmission and use of information. Information system is a system that people use information technology to build, support or control all aspects of activities in an organization.
A computer is mainly composed of a host and external devices, wherein the host includes a central processing unit and an internal memory, and the external devices include an external memory, an input device and an output device.
System software: a program used to manage all hardware resources such as CPU, memory, communication connection and various external devices, mainly including operating system, language processor, database management system and system maintenance software.
Application software: a program used to complete data processing tasks or realize specific functions required by users.
Network is the product of the combination of computer technology and modern communication technology. It is a system that connects many computer systems with different geographical locations and independent functions through communication equipment and communication lines, and realizes network resource sharing by using fully functional network software.
Network is the fastest developing field of information technology at present. It has gone through four stages: the first generation network is an online system of remote terminals; The second generation is a computer network system represented by ARPANET and Ethernet, which adopts packet switching technology and is interconnected by multiple host systems. The third generation is the interconnection stage between networks; The fourth generation can be called the development stage of high-speed network technology. Network topology mainly includes star, bus and ring.
Network classification: Generally speaking, computer networks can be divided into local area network, wide area network, metropolitan area network and Internet.
Network transmission equipment: 1. The transmission medium is the physical medium of the sending device and the receiving device in the data transmission system. Wired transmission media include coaxial cable, twisted pair, optical cable, etc. Wireless transmission media has satellite communication, microwave, infrared and laser. 2. The network adapter (simply referred to as the network card) is the interface between the computer and the communication control equipment through the transmission medium, and it is the interface component that connects the equipment on each node to the network. 3. Modem is a remote connection device used when transmitting digital signals through channels.
Network interconnection equipment: 1, repeater; 2.Hub3. bridge; 4. switch; 5. Router.
How to surf the Internet: Generally, telephone lines and data lines are used.
The main characteristics of traditional data organization are: the programs written are closely related to specific documents, the documents are independent of each other, and there is no overall planning.
The main problems of traditional data file processing methods are: 1, data confusion; 2. Data redundancy; 3. Over-reliance on programs and files. 4. Poor practicality. Database storage mode refers to a data organization mode, which can reduce duplication and effectively provide all aspects of data.
Database system DOS refers to the sum of computer hardware, software and users needed for database management, maintenance and use.
Database management system, application program, etc. It can be roughly divided into data definition, data operation, database operation management, database establishment and maintenance, etc.
Data models include hierarchical model, grid model, relational model and object-oriented model.
The E-r diagram is 1976, which is composed of p? s？ Chen's entity relationship model describes the relationship between numbers in the real world. Advantages: 1, which clearly describes entities, entity attributes and relationships between entities. 2. The transformation of E-R diagram into relational model is regular, and this transformation method is very simple. There is a way to prove that it is formed by this transformation.
The method of transforming E-R diagram into relational data model: The specific transformation can be based on the following rules: (1: 1) into two relational tables, (1: n) into two relational tables, and (m: n) into three relational tables.
Access is a relational database management system and a component attached to Microsoft Office. As a database management system, Access manages information through various database objects. Access database consists of two parts: database objects and groups. There are seven kinds of objects, including tables, queries, forms, reports, data access pages, macros and modules. Its basic function is as follows: 1. It provides the means to collect, organize, store and manage all kinds of data. 2. Analyze and process the data in the database through query. 3. Browse or update the data in the new table through the form, and use the report to analyze and print the data in a specific way. 4.* * * Enjoy data and provide interfaces with other applications, that is, data import, export and link functions. 5. Other functions.
The main features of Access are: 1. Access is simple to operate and has the same operating interface and consistent design style as other components in Office such as Word and Excel. 2. There are rich data objects and seven object types, which basically meet the needs of general users.
Chapter IV Strategic Planning and Development Methods of Management Information System
The information system planning of an organization is divided into two levels: strategic planning and implementation planning. Strategic planning is a long-term planning with macroscopic guiding significance, and implementation planning is the concretization of strategic planning.
Strategic planning is an overall strategy formulated before system development, and its activities mainly include: designing the overall structure of the system, formulating the resource allocation scheme, and determining the development order of subsystems. Strategic planning is a long-term macro-guiding plan, the basis of making implementation plan, and an important factor to ensure the smooth progress of the whole process of information system development.
Enterprise information system implementation planning, also known as development planning, is the concrete implementation of strategic planning. Consider the resource constraints of the enterprise in a specific time and environment, including the specific time, fund raising, personnel organization, management methods, work steps and control indicators of the development project.
Preparation of information system planning: Before making information system development planning, it is necessary to set up a planning leading group, train relevant personnel in time, and make clear the progress of planning work.
Common methods of information system strategic planning: 1. Key success factor method. The main steps are as follows: 1. Understand the strategic objectives of the enterprise. 2. Determine the key factors. 3. Analyze information needs. Second, the commercial system planning law. It is a structured method to formulate MIS planning according to the enterprise target responsibility system. This method analyzes enterprise process, data communication and so on according to enterprise objectives. Then start with the main functions of the system. Finally, establish a goal-based enterprise planning. Through the business system planning method, we can define subsystems (or modules) and their relationships. 1, describing the strategic objectives of the enterprise. 2. Define the process (function). 3. Define data classes. 4. Define the information structure. 5. Form the functional modules of the system.
The development process of information system generally includes five steps: system planning, system analysis, system design, system implementation, system operation and maintenance. These five stages are connected end to end. When the system is running, it will face new system requests and start a new cycle. Therefore, it is vividly called "life cycle", that is, an information system has experienced a cyclical process of occurrence, development and extinction from its presentation, development and application to system renewal. The main characteristics of the structured life cycle method are: 1, which strictly distinguishes the working stages. 2. Standardization of working documents. 3. Top-down system view. 4, the user's perspective.
The main advantages of life cycle method are: 1, clear goal and easy control of development process. 2. Complete quality assurance measures. 3. The correctness, reliability and maintainability of the system. 4. the documents are complete.
The main disadvantages of life cycle method: 1, system development can't keep up with the change of demand, and the system development cycle is too long. 2. The transition from logical design to physical design is difficult. 3. The workload of documents is heavy.
Development steps of prototype method: 1. Determine the basic needs of users and develop a preliminary prototype system. 2. Use the prototype system to confirm user requirements. 3. Modify and improve the prototype requirements.
The main feature of prototype method is: 1, which is convenient to meet the requirements of users. 2. Short development time and high efficiency.
The main disadvantage of prototype method: 1, frequent requirements change makes the development process difficult to manage. 2. Prototype method is more suitable for situations where users' requirements are uncertain, business theory is uncertain and requirements change frequently.
According to the general process of system development, object-oriented methods can be divided into: 1, system investigation and requirements analysis. 2. Object-oriented analysis (OOA), that is, analyzing problems. 3. Object-oriented design (OOD), that is, sorting out problems. 4. Object-oriented programming (OOP), that is, program implementation.
The main advantages of object-oriented development method are: it conforms to people's habitual way of thinking; Good stability; Good reusability; Good maintainability.
The main disadvantages of object-oriented development method are: it needs certain software environment support, and it also needs high manpower, financial resources and material resources for system development; It may cause problems such as unreasonable system structure and imbalance between components.
Computer-aided software engineering method is an automatic or semi-automatic method, which can fully support every development step except system investigation.
The main feature of CASE method is: 1, which supports both top-down structured development method and bottom-up prototype development method, and is more practical. 2. It solves the problem of direct mapping from the real world to the software system and strongly supports the whole process of information system development. 3. Simplify software management and maintenance, and free developers from complicated analysis, design drawings and programming engineering. 4. Automatically generate documents and program codes, so that the system can generate unified standardized documents. 5, pay attention to analysis and design, with design reusability, so that the software development speed is accelerated and the functions are further improved.
Information system development tool on the case platform: 1, system analysis and design tool. 2. Code generation tools. 3. Test tools. 4. Project management tools.
The prerequisite for information system development: 1, and reasonably determine the objectives of the information system. 2. Enterprises have a certain scientific management foundation. 3. Have certain material resources. 4. Leaders attach importance to it and business personnel cooperate. The developer is equipped with a well-structured development team.
Information system development mode: 1, independent development mode. 2. Entrusted development mode. 3. Cooperative development mode. 4. Buy off-the-shelf software.
IT outsourcing refers to handing over some or all information-related activities in an organization to information service providers outside the organization. The outsourcing content includes: information processing services, business process support, application software system development, network system construction, hardware equipment selection and maintenance, IT knowledge training, and enterprise informatization scheme consultation.
The main advantages of adopting IT outsourcing are: 1, which is helpful for enterprises to concentrate on developing core competence. 2. It is beneficial to foresee the cost. 3. Simplify internal management. 4. Promote enterprise resource integration.
The main risk of IT outsourcing: 1, reducing the control ability of enterprises. 2. Complex principal-agent relationship is easy to cause legal disputes.
To avoid IT outsourcing risks, you can refer to the following methods: 1. Improve contract document management according to relevant laws and policies. 2. The selection of suppliers needs to refer to international evaluation standards. 3. Introduce multiple suppliers.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an integrated system that integrates the internal resources of an enterprise, carries out effective planning and control, and maximizes benefits. The management thought represented by ERP supports the internal management of enterprises and develops in the direction of supporting decision-making and formulating the whole supply chain optimization scheme. ERP enterprise resource planning is gradually developed on the basis of the original enterprise management model. In order to truly understand ERP, we need to know the ordering method of inventory management, manufacturing resource planning MRP Ⅱ Ⅱ and other related contents.
1, inventory management order method. 2.MRP。 3. Manufacturing resource planning MRP. 4. Enterprise resource planning.
Inventory order point method refers to the method of setting a quantity. When the inventory reaches this quantity level, you can place an order for purchase.
The basic principle of MRP is to determine the future material supply and production plan according to the demand and forecast, and provide accurate material demand time and quantity. MRP determines ordering and production according to the time required for materials on the production plan.
1977, a famous American management expert first proposed a name for the new MRP-manufacturing resource planning.
E-commerce in a narrow sense refers to online trading activities, including buying and selling products and providing services through the Internet. E-commerce system is a comprehensive business information processing system based on electronic data processing, global network and data exchange, which integrates ordering, delivery, transportation, customs declaration, insurance, commodity inspection and bank settlement. Broadly speaking, e-commerce refers to all commercial activities that use the Internet, intranet and extranet to solve commercial transaction problems, reduce production, supply and sales costs, open up new markets, create new business opportunities and increase corporate profits by adopting the latest network technology.
The impact of e-commerce on social economy: 1. E-commerce will change people's consumption patterns. E-commerce will change the way of business activities. E-commerce will change the internal structure of the organization. E-commerce will bring a revolution to traditional industries.
The main roles of e-commerce system are buyer, supplier, payment center, certification center and logistics center.
E-commerce is usually carried out in three groups, namely enterprises, government departments and individual consumers.
Chapter V System Analysis
The contents of the preliminary investigation are as follows: 1. The purpose of the investigation. 2. The content of the investigation. 3. Analyze the content. 4. Understand the basic situation of the system and collect reference materials related to the system. 5. Technical requirements and qualifications.
Feasibility study: on the basis of previous investigation, further clarify the problems, make an overall and comprehensive analysis and demonstration of the system scale, objectives and related constraints, and put forward the logical model framework and possible reference scheme of the system.
There are three aspects to analyze the necessity of information system: the necessity of "manifesting" means that with the development of organizations and the improvement of management requirements, the management and data processing methods currently used in the system can no longer meet the needs of management, and it is necessary to update management methods and means and establish a new system; The necessity of "foreseeing" refers to foreseeing future measures according to the trend of organizational and technological development; The necessity of "invisibility" means that the defects of the system are long-term, scattered, indirect or inconspicuous, and management efficiency can be improved to better meet the requirements of management and data processing.
Feasibility is based on necessity, and the feasibility of establishing an information system mainly includes the following contents: 1, economic feasibility. 2. Technical feasibility. 3. Feasibility of management.
Feasibility analysis steps: 1. Determine the scale and objectives of the system. 2, clear the main information needs of users. 3. Put forward the preliminary scheme of the proposed system. 4. Propose and evaluate possible alternatives and conduct feasibility study. 5. Give the choice of doing or not doing this project, and determine the scheme at the same time. 6. Make the project development plan, including the arrangement of people, money and materials. 7. Write a feasibility analysis report. 8. Submit the results to the user review team and the steering committee.
The purpose of detailed investigation is to fully grasp all aspects of the current system. This is because the new system is generally based on the current system. Only by investigating the current system in detail, collecting relevant data, finding out the business situation, finding out the implementation effect and finding out the weak links can we provide reliable information for perfecting the system and developing a high-quality new system, and lay a solid foundation for establishing a logical model of the new system.
In the investigation, there is a principle that we must emphasize, that is, the principle of user participation. Users are most familiar with their working environment, business situation, advantages and disadvantages of the current system. Only by fully mobilizing their enthusiasm can the success of the system be guaranteed.
Generally speaking, the main contents of the system investigation include the following aspects: 1, the basic situation of the existing system. 2. Manage business. 3. Information demand, processing means and information resources. 4. The current situation of informatization.
Steps and methods of investigation: 1, research data method. 2. Hold an investigation meeting. 3. User interviews. 4. Questionnaire survey. 5. Field observation. 6. Send e-mail.
In the process of systematic investigation, we should also pay attention to the following issues: 1, planning in advance. 2. Investigation attitude. 3. Investigation order. 4. Research and analysis.
The principle to be followed when using data flow diagram for analysis is: 1, and define the system boundary. 2. Top-down decomposition step by step, that is, according to the idea of structured method, using hierarchical data flow chart, a big problem or complex problem is decomposed into several small problems, and then solved separately. 3. Follow the local principle of "from outside to inside", that is, first determine the boundaries or ranges of each layer of the data flow diagram, then consider the interior of the data flow diagram, draw the input and output of the processing first, and then draw the interior of the processing.
The main contents of analysis and optimization include the following aspects: 1, re-examination of system objectives. 2. Analysis and optimization of management mode. 3. Demand analysis (information demand, function determination, processing means implementation) 4. Business process optimization. 5. Data analysis (collection, source, destination, storage and flow)
The main content of the new system logic scheme: 1, and determine the new system goal. 2. Determine the management mode of the new system. 3. Determine the management mode of the new system. 4. Determine the number of new systems