Why did Liu Bei doubt Zhuge Liang so much in his later years?

During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan were all outstanding politicians. Cao and Sun are far less virtuous than Liu Bei. Although Liu Bei's life character belongs to China's traditional political concept, his personality as a politician is still a mirror. \ x0d \ x0d \ In the turbulent Three Kingdoms period at the end of Han Dynasty, Cao Cao showed his superhuman talent and extraordinary ability. It is very inaccurate to use the word "treacherous male" to summarize them. The main problem is that his personal character has serious defects, such as killing Xuzhou, falling into a pit, killing countless people, being mysterious and treacherous, advocating the philosophy of monogamy, killing Lv Boshe's family by mistake, and claiming that ". This is untenable and will be condemned in any era. Sun Quan's personal character is mainly due to his paranoia, which killed many innocent courtiers, especially in his later years, and made courtiers feel insecure. Liu Bei, on the other hand, has always put people first, stressed benevolence and trustworthiness, grasped the basic moral principles of being a man, and had no obvious mistakes in personal morality. This is the difference in personality between Liu Bei and Cao Cao and Sun Quan, and it is also an important internal reason why he has been displaced for most of his life and finally achieved his career. \x0d\\x0d\ Looking through the books of the Three Kingdoms, it can be said that there is no political and ideological character of Wang Hegemony that can be compared with Liu Bei. Liu Bei was the most popular contender in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of Han Dynasty, and also the politician of the Three Kingdoms who was most in line with China's traditional political ideas. Of course, what we are talking about here is Liu Bei in history, not Liu Bei in the romance novels of the Three Kingdoms and film and television dramas. Liu Bei in the novel and on the screen is not true in many ways. They did not reflect Liu Bei's behavior and personality artistically, but to some extent, they played a misleading role in distorting historical facts and confusing the fake with the real. Therefore, it is more necessary for us to know Liu Bei from a historical perspective. \x0d\x0d\ Gone with the times has won people's hearts \ x0d \ Displaced people are respected \ x0d \ x0d "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu, Biography of the Ancients" Liu Beizi Xuande, a native of Zhuoxian County (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province), is a descendant of Liu Sheng, the son of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Sheng was named Hou Ting of Lucheng, Zhuoxian County. Later, because the sacrificial money in the ancestral temple was not up to standard, it violated the law and was deprived of the title, so it was settled in Zhuoxian for generations. Liu Bei's grandfather and father were both officials in counties and counties, but by the time of Liu Bei, his family business had declined and he had become the bottom people. This is probably because Liu Bei's father died early. \ x0d \ x0d \ Because his father died young, Liu Bei and his mother made a living by selling straw sandals and weaving reed mats. There is a big mulberry tree next to his house, with lush foliage, which looks like the cover of the emperor's limousine from a distance. When Liu Bei was a child, he played under a tree with his children at home, saying that he would ride this feather-covered car when he grew up, which scared his uncle to scold him not to talk nonsense. This is the crime of extinction. /kloc-When he was 0/5 years old, Liu Bei was ordered by his mother to go out to study with Lu Zhi, a native of Jiujiang. Lu Zhi was a famous scholar at that time, but Liu Bei was not interested in reading. Legend has it that he "doesn't like reading much, but likes dogs, horses, music and beautiful clothes." "He is seven feet five inches tall, with his hands on his knees, and he can see his helix as soon as he looks back. Usually, he is quiet, kind to servants, invisible when angry, and easy to make friends with heroes, so many teenagers compete to join him, and his relatives call him "very human." "The young Liu Bei mentioned in the history books has let us see some basic characteristics of his personality. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei in history is not as gentle as described in the novel, but a man with great courage and strong blood. At the beginning of the uprising, he participated in the crusade against the yellow turban insurrectionary and fought bravely. He escaped the disaster by playing dead after being injured. Because of his "military courage" and "military merit", he was appointed as the captain of Anxi County. It was at this time that Du You was angered. At this time, Adu, you come down from above and live in the official residence. Liu Bei asks for an audience at home, but Du You won't let him in. Liu Bei rushed in and tied Du You up, hit 200 sticks, untied the seal and tied it around Du You's neck, tied it to a horse post, and then abandoned his official position and fled. In history, Liu Bei not only dared to be angry and whip Du You, but also preferred not to be an official. He also attacked and killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, and was beheaded in Jiangcao. These things are clearly recorded in the biography of the late master. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu were added to The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which erased Liu Bei's brave side. \ x0d \ x0d \ Of course, Liu Bei's main impression is not in military courage, but in human quality and character. At the end of the Han dynasty, due to the great turmoil in the country, the people suffered from war, and the countryside was deserted and had no food and clothing. When Liu Bei was in the plain, he gave alms to his family to help them tide over the famine. He had no choice but to eat at the same table with the "people below the scholar", that is, the general's office staff, so everyone joined him and loved him, which was very popular in the early days of the uprising. At that time, a rich man named Ping Liu always looked down on Liu Bei, unwilling to be ruled by Liu Bei, and bribed an assassin to assassinate him. Liu Bei did not know the inside story and received it warmly. The assassin was moved and couldn't bear to do it. He decided to tell Liu Bei in the future and leave. Chen Shou, the author of The Three Kingdoms, praised Liu Bei in this way: Liu Bei won the hearts of the people in this way. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei's post station had only a thousand ranks and thousands of hungry people, so his strength was very small, and he only achieved the appearance of an honest official, but he was very famous at that time. In the first year of Jian 'an (AD 196), Xuzhou Mu Taolian was seriously ill and said to him, "Without Liu Bei, this state can't be settled." After the elk Zhu led the state soldiers to meet Liu Bei, Liu Bei refused to accept it. Xuzhou officials Chen Deng and Kong Rong continued to persuade them, stressing that people now support Xuzhou Yin Fu, which has a population of one million. On this basis, Liu Beicai agreed to take over. Chen Deng and others reported this report to Yuan Shao, the biggest separatist force at that time. Yuan Shao replied in favor, saying, "Liu Xuande Hongya has faith, and Xuzhou is willing to wear it now. I sincerely hope so. "Soon, Yuan Shu and Lu Bu came to attack Xuzhou one after another, and Liu Bei was driven away by Lu Bu and began a life of drift from place to place. \ x0d \ x0d \ At that time, although Liu Bei had no army or territory, he was treated with courtesy and respect everywhere he went. After being defeated by Lu Bu, he returned to Cao Cao. Cao Cao "bite the hand that feeds him, thinking that he is a shepherd in Yuzhou" and helped Liu Bei fight back against Lu Bu. After Lu Bu's forces were destroyed, Cao Cao returned to Xudu and recommended Liu Bei as the left general. " The heavier the ceremony, the more people go out and sit at the same table. In a small talk at a banquet, Cao Cao said to Liu Bei, "Today, the only heroes in the world are the monarch and Cao Er. There were not enough people at first (Yuan Shao). "Liu Bei was shocked, so he dropped the chopsticks spoon on the ground. When he arrived in Lei Zhen, Liu Bei covered it with thunder at will, so that Cao Cao wouldn't feel rude. What a man of insight Cao Cao is. He respects and praises Liu Bei so much, mainly because Liu Bei is talented and popular. This kind of praise is not good for Liu Bei. He had a presentiment that Cao Cao had doubts about himself. In fact, Cheng Yu, Cao Cao's counselor at that time, had suggested to Cao Cao to get rid of Liu Bei. Cheng Yu said: "Seeing that Liu Bei is full of talents and won the hearts of the people, it is better to think clearly as soon as possible." Cao Cao was afraid of "killing one person and losing the heart of the world" and did not immediately agree. "Later, Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to stop Yuan Shu. Both Cheng Yu and Guo Jia said, "Liu Bei can't be vertical." Cao Cao regretted that he couldn't catch up. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei took the opportunity to escape from Cao Cao, attacked and killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, and stationed in Yu Pei (now Peixian County, Jiangsu Province). At that time, it was the eve of the battle between Cao Yuan and Guandu, but Cao Cao still decided to attack Liu Bei. The generals said: Now Yuan Shao and your master are fighting for the world. Now Yuan Shao has led the troops, but he wants to March to Liu Bei. What if Yuan Shao takes advantage? Cao Cao said, "Husband Liu Bei is an outstanding man. If you don't go on strike today, it will be a disaster. Although Yuan Shao is ambitious, he is too late to be moved. " So he personally led the troops to attack Liu Bei, and Liu Bei had to go to Yuan Shao again. \ x0d \ x0d \ Yuan Shao heard that Liu Bei was coming, sent his generals to meet them along the way, and personally left Yecheng (now Linzhang County, Hebei Province) for 200 miles to meet Liu Bei. Yuan Shao was the biggest representative of the eldest clan and the most powerful separatist force at that time. It is Liu Bei's virtue and character that play a role. After the battle of Guandu, Cao Cao personally attacked Liu Bei stationed in Runan area. Liu Bei defected to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, and was welcomed out of the suburbs by the biggest strongman in the south and treated as a guest of honor. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei, who has been wandering from place to place, has been living among the great powers with his wife. Although he relies on others, he does not show any indifference, which shows that the strength of personality is the way of life and the foundation of a politician. \x0d\x0d\ Faithfulness in times of crisis \ x0d \ Being a citizen in times of crisis \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei's character, which won the hearts of the people and was respected during the chaos in the world and the scuffle between warlords, was further demonstrated during his stay in Jingzhou. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Biao and Liu Bei are of the same ancestry in the Han Dynasty. Liu Biao sincerely welcomes Liu Bei's arrival. As soon as Liu Bei arrived, he increased his troops, moved them to a new field, and defeated Cao Jun's attack at Bowangpo. However, with more and more Jingzhou heroes joining Liu Bei, Liu Biao became suspicious and secretly guarded Liu Bei and refused to reuse it. In spite of this, Liu Bei is still highly respected and well paid. He took the exam for seven years (20 1 September to August 2008), and Liu Bei is deeply grateful for this. So when Cao Cao went south, Liu Cong sent someone to Xinye to surrender to Cao Cao behind Liu Bei's back (when Liu Bei was in Fancheng). When Liu Bei was in a critical situation, he did not take advantage of the opportunity that Liu Biao had just died and Liu Cong had just succeeded Cao Cao to seize Jingzhou. When Liu Bei retreated from Fancheng and crossed Xiangyang, Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to attack Liu Cong and take Jingzhou. Liu Bei said, "I can't bear it." Just stopping to call bretz, bretz was too scared to stand up with his head down. Later, I went to Liu Biao cemetery to say goodbye and cried goodbye. According to Pei Songzhi's Biography of Heroes, Wei Shu and Han Wei Chun Qiu, Liu Biao entrusted Jingzhou to Liu Bei when he died, but Liu Bei did not accept it. The reason is: "This person has always been very kind to me, and now he will treat me as thin and reluctant." Liu Bei emphasized "forbearance", mainly considering a belief problem. As Liu Bei said, "I'm treacherous and I can't help myself. I'll do nothing." "Jingzhou has been regarded by Zhuge Liang as the primary goal of Liu Bei's hegemony, but it will never be taken if it does not violate faith. This is entirely determined by his political character. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei is attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou. Although he has no power and influence, his character has conquered the officials and people of Jingzhou. When Fancheng was evacuated to Jiangling via Xiangyang, "the people of Wai (Liu) Cong and Jingzhou returned to their ancestors. Compared with Dangyang (now the southern suburb of Jingmen), there are more than 100 thousand people and thousands of cars, which are more than ten miles a day. "About advised liu bei to move forward as soon as possible, hold Jiangling, said that although there are many people accompanying him now, Serenade can fight. If Cao Cao and his troops chase him, how can they stop him? Liu Bei said: "The great task of helping the poor must be people-oriented. Now he is mine, why can't I give up! "He resolutely left with hundreds of people. Even though Cao Cao may catch up with him, he will never abandon the people. Sharing weal and woe with the people and seeing the truth at the crucial moment fully shows Liu Bei's political character, which is hard to see among ancient politicians. \ x0d \ x0d \ Due to too many people following, the troops moved slowly, and finally Cao Cao led the Qingqi to catch up day and night. Liu Bei suffered a major setback, his wife died, and his son Adou, who had just turned one year old, was almost completely annihilated, leaving only dozens of riders who tended to Hanjin (near Shayang Hanjiang River in Jingmen City) and happened to meet the Guan Yu fleet sent by the first dynasty, so that he survived and was able to travel from Hanshui to Xiakou (now Hankou). Liu Bei paid a price for maintaining his political character, but won eternal praise. Historians in the Eastern Jin Dynasty commented: "Although my late Lord was in danger, his beliefs became more and more clear, and he was not in danger. ? It is not appropriate to help a great cause in the end! "It is precisely because of Liu Bei's strong political character that Cao Cao's scattered troops soon gathered around Liu Bei and took part in Battle of Red Cliffs. After Battle of Red Cliffs, many of Liu Biao's subordinates who had surrendered to Cao Cao went to Liu Bei in succession, so he proposed to borrow Jingzhou from Sun Quan on the grounds that the land given by Zhou Yu was not enough for his subordinates, thus laying the foundation for the "great economic cause" and creating a new situation. \x0d\x0d\ show your true feelings with sincerity \ x0d \ do things fairly \ x0d \ As a politician, whether he is sincere and fair in employing people and doing things is an important aspect to show his character. \x0d\\x0d\ Starting from the need to compete for hegemony, Liu Bei, like Cao Cao and Sun Quan, attaches great importance to respecting the virtuous and respecting scholars, which is the similarity between them. The difference is that Liu Bei is especially sincere in employing people and treating people. The monarch and the minister treat each other sincerely, trust each other unswervingly, and have a sincere friendship of sharing the same fate. The relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang is the most typical example. On the one hand, it is sincere and sincere to visit the cottage in the cold winter; On the one hand, it is complementary from beginning to end, "do your best and die." "The relationship between Liu Bei and Huang Quan can also explain his quality in employing people and treating people. \ x0d \ x0d \ Huang Quan, the former editor-in-chief of Liu Zhang, opposed Liu's invitation to Liu Bei to Sichuan and refused to listen to Liu's advice. He was demoted to Chengdu as a magistrate of Guanghan County. After that, Liu Bei and Liu Zhang turned against each other and captured Yizhou, and all the counties and counties all surrendered to the wind. Only Huang Quan closed the gate and held the city until Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei surrendered to Liu Bei. Liu Bei let bygones be bygones, and reuse it. Huang Quanjin put forward a plan to capture Hanzhong, which played an important role in the development of Liu Bei Group. After Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, Liu Bei led an army to invade Wu. Huang Quan thought that Wu people were good at fighting and fighting, and it was easy for the water army to advance but difficult to retreat. He suggested that Liu Bei sit behind the troops and be a pioneer to test each other's reality. Liu Bei refused to accept, and appointed Huang Quan as the general of Zhenbei, supervising the army in Jiangbei to guard against Wei's invasion. After Liu Bei was defeated in the Yiling War, Huang Quan's road back to Shu was cut off by Wu people and forced to land in Wei. Shu officials arrested Huang Quan's wife and children according to law and reported the matter to Liu Bei. Liu Bei said, "If you undertake Huang Quan alone, you will not be alone. "Life is released, as always. According to Wei Shu, Huang Quan's whole family was beheaded. Huang Quan didn't believe it, saying that he knew Liu Bei very well and wouldn't do it. Before long, the news of being forgiven arrived as scheduled. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei is generous and sincere, and he is much more harmonious than Cao Cao and Sun Quan in the relationship between monarch and minister. Both Cao Cao and Sun Quan have suspicions, and even heroes like Xun or Lu Xun are depressed and sick because of suspicion, so they have no good end, but Liu Bei never did. No matter who followed him in the early stage or who followed him in Jingzhou, Liu Bei used the people who joined him after entering Sichuan according to the quantity, without discrimination, impartiality and fairness. So is Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. They don't pay attention to personal affairs and talents, and exclude others because of the special relationship of "being brothers". \ x0d \ x0d \ veteran Huang Zhong, originally the Ministry of Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty, was the prefect of Changsha, and was Liu Biao. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei surrendered to Jiangnan counties in Jingzhou, and then joined forces with Liu Bei in Sichuan. He often rushed to the front and won the title of the three armed forces. Later, Cao Cao's general Xia was killed in Dingjun Mountain, which made a great contribution to Liu Bei's achievement in Hanzhong. Liu Bei established himself as the king of Hanzhong, named Huang Zhong as the post-general, named Guan Yu as the former general, Zhang Fei as the right general and Ma Chao as the left general. Zhuge Liang believes that Huang Zhong's fame will never be comparable to that of Guan Yu and Ma Chao. Ma Chao and Zhang Fei are close at hand, and they can both see Huang Zhong's exploits with their own eyes and explain them clearly. Guan Yu is far away in Jingzhou, so she will not be happy to know. He suggested canceling the appointment of Huang Zhong. Liu Bei insisted on explaining the matter to Guan Yu and sent Fei Shi to Jingzhou. At that time, Guan Yu was attacking Xiangfan in the north, and Fei Shi went directly to the front line of Xiangfan to see Guan Yu. When Guan Yu learned that Huang Zhong was a post-general, he was very angry and said, "People with courage will never be with veterans! "Refused to accept the appointment of the former general. After some persuasion, Guan Yu understood the truth and was immediately worshipped. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei promoted Wei Yan to guard Hanzhong, which also shows that he is not partial to Guan and Zhang, but fair. Wei Yan was originally a local strongman in Yiyang. When Liu Bei entered Sichuan, he was accompanied by his own private armed forces. He was very brave, made great achievements, and was promoted to general of yamen. Liu Bei captured Hanzhong, established himself as the king of Hanzhong, and prepared to move the palace to Chengdu. He needed an important general to guard Hanzhong. At that time, everyone thought it must be Zhang Fei, and Zhang Fei also thought it must be his own. As a result, Liu Bei promoted Wei Yan, made Wei Yan the governor of Zhenyuan in Hanzhong, and led the satrap in Hanzhong, causing "one army surprised", that is, the whole army was surprised. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei restored Huang Zhong and promoted Wei Yan, which not only shows that he is fair and knowledgeable, but also shows that he does not talk about mountains and things in employing people. Within the Liu Bei Group, there is indeed a "three-person gang" of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Yu. As far as personal relationship with Liu Bei is concerned, others can't compare with Guan Yu and Zhang Yu, but he doesn't take special care of Guan Yu and Zhang Yu, and only uses them according to their merits. He asked Guan Yu to keep Jingzhou, not out of personal feelings, but because Guan Yu is the most famous general in Shu Han, including Cao Wei, and everyone thinks that "Guan Yu is the only famous general in Shu." Later, Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, and Liu Bei decided to attack Wu. The main purpose is to recapture Jingzhou, not just for loyalty. At ordinary times, I also warned the one-sidedness of "being good to the pawn and being arrogant to the scholar-bureaucrat, flying to love the gentleman and ignoring the villain", instead of blindly accommodating. In fact, Liu Bei knows people better than Zhuge Liang and is better at employing people. Zhuge Liang could not promote and reuse Huang Zhong and Wei Yan. Another example is Ma Ji. Before he died, Liu Bei told him, "Ma Ji is exaggerating, so he can't use it more. "Zhuge Liang later didn't listen to this statement and suffered a big loss. \ x0d \ x0d \ Liu Bei's political character is the embodiment of China's traditional political ideas. Confucius and Mencius' political ideas emphasize "ruling by virtue" and "benevolent governance", warning rulers to "serve people with virtue" and to influence their subjects and conquer the people with their own moral character and noble morality. Although Liu Bei didn't like reading when he was young, the complicated political struggle actually made him know the importance of following Confucian political ideas for competing for the world, paid great attention to his own moral cultivation and set up the demeanor of a wise king. When he was dying, he did not forget to leave a will to warn Liu Chan: "Don't do it with the small evil, and don't do it with the small good. Only virtue and virtue can serve others. "It is this basic political concept of" serving people with virtue "that shaped Liu Bei's respected political character all his life. Although this political character is deeply branded with Confucian political thought, it still has very practical significance today. In the past, people often regarded supporting Liu against Cao as feudal orthodoxy, as if supporting Liu was supporting the restoration of Han Dynasty. In fact, this is a shallow and simplified mentality. We should look at this problem from what kind of political character a politician should have, otherwise the eternal political value of Liu Bei, a specific historical figure, will be greatly reduced or even lost. 23:5 1:39BDAA