General situation of physical geography in Beijing

As we all know, the well-field system was an ancient economic form in China. Mencius explained: "There are wells in the square, and there are 900 mu of wells, among which the public fields are among them. Eight private property, all raise public land. After the official business is over, dare to manage private affairs again. " Translated into modern Chinese, it means: a square mile (here is Zhou Xili) of land is a well. A well is 900 mu, and the shape of the well is square or rectangular. Divide the land of a well into nine equal parts, each part 100 mu. The middle piece is public land, and the other eight pieces are private land. Each farmer owns 100 mu of land, and 8 farmers own 800 mu of land. In spring ploughing, all eight farmers have to cultivate the common land before they can cultivate their own land. So is the autumn harvest. In the Book of Songs, "It rains, and my public land benefits from my private interests" is a tortuous expression of the economic system in that era in poetry. Who is the owner of Gongtian? Slave owners? Or a serf owner? Historians have different explanations. However, one thing is certain: if you draw nine equal parts on 900 mu of land, it is the shape of a well in Chinese characters. This kind of land system is well-field system, which is understandable. In order to cultivate and manage, farmers should plan roads, dig ditches and draw boundaries on the mine field. The roads in the mine field are called money from north to south, and things are amazing. This kind of land system, embodied in the urban construction at that time, was the concept of a king city. Simply put, the city is square, and there are nine divisions planned in the city. The middle part is Miyagi, where Emperor Zhou lived, which is equivalent to the commons in the well. The remaining eight are villages, where people live, which are equivalent to farmers' private fields. In order to facilitate residents' travel, it is natural to build roads in cities. The east-west direction is called longitude, and the north-south direction is called latitude. These two forms of roads are the main roads of the city. Similarly, roads should be opened in the neighborhoods where people live, which are called alleys, which are branches of Wangcheng road network. These roads: longitude, latitude, driveway, equivalent to the building in the well. After Yuan Dynasty, alley, a tiny road form, was mostly represented by hutong. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it became synonymous with Beijing's small roads and an important element of Beijing's urban construction and urban culture. On this basis, Wang Bin discussed the Hutong from nine aspects: origin, layout, elements, function, landscape, color, name, people and culture, which pushed the study of Beijing Hutong to a deeper level and drew many new conclusions. For example, on the issue of hutong culture, he thinks that hutong couplets are the best and most direct window to study hutong culture, and there is no need to go further and further. "Patience, kindness and kindness, praying for national peace and family harmony, taking reading as the best realm, paying attention to personal moral cultivation, and expressing the importance of morality to human nature with the chastity of jade and the preciousness of gold" are the traditions of Beijing Hutong culture. Unfortunately, this cultural spirit is getting weaker and weaker under the impact of the commodity tide. Source: publication reference