2016-10-3116: 57 49 cities in old Beijing
Old Beijing dialect
The so-called dialect, simply understood as a local language, must be regional, historic and with strong regional characteristics. After long-term development, it can be called a dialect! Speaking of Beijing dialect, now you can find many posts on the internet, which list many words, so-called old Beijing dialect or Beijing dialect. Most of them are old Beijing dialect, but some of them can't be called old Beijing dialect, because whether they are called "Beijing dialect" or "old Beijing dialect", they should be inherited and historical, or at least handed down from the real "old" Beijing. Personally, I think those new words popular in the new society are also popular in Beijing, some of which have been popular for decades, but they can't be regarded as "old" Beijing dialect! So when is it old enough? Let's take a look at the development history of Beijing dialect first!
Beijing has a long history, which can be traced back to Beiyan in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but the real history of Beijing dialect is not long, only about 400 years.
Beijing, a thousand-year-old ancient capital, was founded by the Han nationality and the northern minorities. Beijing has been a border town since Sui and Tang Dynasties. Until the Liao Dynasty, various ethnic minorities occupied the Beijing area. Therefore, in history, Beijing dialect has been in constant communication with minority languages, mainly Altai language family, and has frequent contact with Chinese dialects all over the world. Like society, the more closed it is, the slower it develops. The more open it is, the faster it develops. For more than a thousand years, Beijing dialect has been in this very open environment. Compared with other Chinese dialects, modern Beijing dialect is the fastest developing Chinese dialect.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing became the capital. Although ruled by Mongols, the central plains accent is still used in official occasions, but it is only combined with local dialects to form Dadu dialect. Dadu dialect is the prototype and foundation of modern Mandarin.
After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, immigrants from all over the world entered Beijing in large numbers, and most dialects developed again. Hebei dialect is the main dialect in Beijing, and China's "elegant speech" is used by officials. Because of the different elegance in different times, the elegance in the early Ming Dynasty was Henan Mandarin. When Judy moved to Beijing, a large number of senior officials and their families moved from Nanjing to Beijing. Plus a large number of troops who stayed in Beijing before and craftsmen recruited from all over the country, the number is also considerable. Therefore, the languages of ethnic minorities such as Qidan and Jurchen are no longer the most exposed to Beijing dialect, but the Chinese dialects from the Central Plains and Jiangnan. Therefore, Jianghuai Mandarin, based on Hongwu and Zheng Yun, also has a certain influence on Beijing dialect. By this time, most dialects have gradually matured and are not much different from modern Beijing dialect. The phonological system recorded in Xiao Xu's book Re-editing the Equivalence Map of Sima Wengong in Ming Dynasty represents the Beijing dialect in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, which proves this point.
By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, all courtiers in the Qing Dynasty had switched to Beijing dialect, and Manchu was still the national language, but it was no longer the official language. During the Yongzheng period, there was also a "Andrew Library" which promoted Beijing dialect throughout the country, stipulating that Jinshi who did not understand Beijing dialect could not take the imperial examination, and even young students were not allowed to take the Jinshi examination. The official language of the Qing Dynasty was Manchu-Chinese bilingualism. After Manchu entered Beijing, they learned Mandarin Chinese and brought their own Manchu phonology, pronunciation habits and characteristic cultural vocabulary into their own Manchu Chinese. In the late Qing Dynasty, they formed a Manchu dialect with Manchu and Chinese language elements, making it a modern standard Beijing dialect, which is the predecessor of Putonghua pronunciation. 1902, Zhang Zhidong and Zhang Baixi advocated the use of a unified language throughout the country. 1909, the senior advisory Committee of the Qing government held a meeting, and member Jiang Qian formally proposed to change the name of "Mandarin" to "Mandarin".
During the Republic of China, the status of Beijing dialect was controversial. 19 12 The Ministry of Education, headed by Cai Yuanpei, set up the preparatory office for the unified voice conference, with Wu Jingheng as the director, and formulated eight articles of association for the unified voice conference. It is stipulated that the responsibility of the pronunciation unification meeting is to examine and approve the standard pronunciation of each word, which is called "national pronunciation". During the national phonetic unification conference, there was a fierce quarrel, mainly about voiced sound and entering tone. The final result is based on Beijing pronunciation, and at the same time absorbs the phonetic features of other dialects, such as distinguishing sharp group sounds and retaining entering tones. The pronunciation of Chinese characters adopted at this meeting was later called "the pronunciation of old Chinese characters". Implemented from 19 18. As a result, less than two years after the implementation of 1920, a big debate called "Beijing dispute" broke out. The cause of the problem lies in the standard pronunciation of Putonghua. Those who support the national voice and those who support mute are divided into two factions. Guoyin is mainly "Beijing-oriented, giving consideration to the north and the south." Mute is "purely based on Beijing dialect". The quarrel between the two factions is very fierce. As a result, the national pronunciation drawn up by "Pronunciation Unification Association" at 19 13 was changed to Beijing pronunciation. 1932, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China published Vocabulary of Common National Phonetics. In the preface of the Glossary, the meaning of the national voice based on Beijing is further explained.
1949 after the founding of new China, it is necessary to popularize national languages and characters in order to develop the cultural and educational undertakings in new China. After in-depth study, in order to highlight the language equality of all ethnic groups, we decided not to use the name "Mandarin" in the history of the Republic of China for fear of being misunderstood as putting Chinese above other ethnic groups, and finally decided to call it "Mandarin". 195510/On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote Chinese Character Reform, Popularize Putonghua and Realize Chinese Standardization". 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and taking. In other words, Mandarin is Mandarin, Beijing dialect is Beijing dialect, and Mandarin is based on Beijing pronunciation, which is understood by the whole country. Beijing dialect may not be understood by people everywhere, but the real old Beijing dialect can be called Beijing dialect and dialect.
You see, the real Beijing dialect, or old Beijing dialect, was formed as a dialect and gradually developed and matured, probably in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, about 400 years. After the long-term development in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, it gradually formed a strong regional characteristics. After 1956, Putonghua was popularized throughout the country. After so many years, Mandarin can be said to be very popular, but at the same time, some dialects are inevitably lost. Therefore, it can be said to be "narrow-minded" to call the Beijing dialect that spread from Ming and Qing Dynasties before liberation, or at least existed before 1950s, or the old Beijing dialect, such as "Dianer", "Zayazi", "Yelizi", "Irony", "Dianer", "Five Ridges and Six Beasts" and "Beijing dialect". Strictly speaking, words such as "slapping a woman", "smelling honey", "touching porcelain", "touching porcelain", "big money" and "outstanding" cannot be called old Beijing dialect, because these words probably formed and became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, and even in the 1980s, and some of them were still popular among unruly landlords in Beijing at that time.
Today, really old Beijingers still don't recognize it!