Produced | "Storm Eye Studio" "Photovoltaic loan has a bug. Legally speaking, farmers are borrowers and enterprises are guarantors, but in essence, this loan is obtained by enterprises. It stands to reason that whoever borrows money will pay it back. When the money is in the hands of the enterprise, it should naturally be paid back by the enterprise, but the role of the enterprise is the guarantor. If the bank loan is repaid by the guarantor, it is illegal in itself. " After several years of photovoltaic loan business in Liu Yang Bank, I gradually found that photovoltaic loan, a "sunshine business" connecting photovoltaic merchants with capital needs and farmers who are willing to get rich, hides many "hidden dangers". The fuse of "dark thunder" is BUG-mentioned by Liu Yang-farmers and photovoltaic manufacturers. If the role is wrong, it is difficult to define the rights and responsibilities, which leaves some "gaps" in the entire photovoltaic loan chain that should be close. However, these "gaps" have become the profit space of some unscrupulous photovoltaic enterprises, and for farmers with weak information, the "gaps" have become the "shackles" of loans. Most of the common "tricks" are that photovoltaic enterprises promise high returns to farmers first, and farmers use this as the main body of loans to financial institutions. Then photovoltaic enterprises exaggerate the income and price of power stations, and financial institutions raise the interest on loans, which makes it impossible for farmers to repay loans with the generated electricity. Instead of getting rich, farmers are trapped in photovoltaics. This also makes photovoltaic loans almost synonymous with "scams" for a long time. For banks, photovoltaic loans are a financial product that they love and hate. Banks like it, because photovoltaic loans can help banks achieve many indicators, such as green finance, rural revitalization, microfinance, two increases and two controls. Photovoltaic's own attributes of "low carbon, poverty alleviation and universal benefit" can perfectly meet the requirements of many indicators; Banks "hate" it because photovoltaic loans are not cost-effective Yang Lijun, an employee of a commercial bank in a provincial capital city, bluntly told Storm Eye, "It is unrealistic for a bank to really make money through photovoltaic loan business. The scale of tens of millions is not as good as managing hundreds of households, so it must be a big project with billions of investments. " Looking back on the development of domestic photovoltaics in recent years, photovoltaic loan, a financial product originally designed to solve the financing difficulties of photovoltaic enterprises, experienced a fire of 20 16 and a "chicken feather" after "53 1". It is still very controversial. Then, is it reliable for farmers to install photovoltaic power stations in the form of photovoltaic loans? What is a formal photovoltaic loan? How should farmers avoid pits? Phoenix. com's Eye of the Storm interviewed several bank PV loan practitioners and PV enterprise financiers, some of whom hated scams and routines. Some banks have bad debts because of their low awareness of risk control; Others have reported that in the extensive development of photovoltaic loans, financial institutions have never been charitable organizations and should not be given to poor households. According to the statistics of the third party, by the end of 20021and 10, China's installed photovoltaic capacity has exceeded 2 million. Compared with the huge population base, 2 million households is not an astronomical figure. However, because many users are concentrated in rural areas with underdeveloped economy and blocked information, how to ensure that farmers' interests are not infringed in the process of "photovoltaic loan" is an extremely important issue. 2 million roofs, that is, 2 million people's livelihood. "The owner of the house wins the world" is very important and deserves our deep thought. The following are the descriptions of three "photovoltaic loan" practitioners: "The photovoltaic loan scam is essentially an informal leather bag company that uses photovoltaic to circle money." It took bankers a long time to discover that the "thunder" buried by photovoltaic loans is very dangerous. Some non-compliant companies are bluffing under the banner of distributed photovoltaics. The "photovoltaic loan scam" in everyone's mouth is essentially this kind of informal leather bag company that makes money by photovoltaic. How do you circle the money? Take an example of real estate for analogy. If I want to buy a suite, the market price is 1 10,000, with a mortgage of 700,000 and a down payment of 300,000. After that, no matter whether the house price goes up or down, I will pay the mortgage myself. This is a self-financing investment. But now there is a developer with a lively brain. He said that the house with a market price of 6,543.8+0,000 yuan will be sold to you for 3 million yuan, with a down payment of 900,000 yuan and a loan of 2,654.38+0,000 yuan. But you don't need to pay back this 265,438+million, and the developer will bear it. You may think that, in fact, you only spent 900,000 yuan to buy a house of 6,543.8+0,000 yuan, which is quite cost-effective, but jump out and see, what is the essence of this matter? It was the developer who lent the bank 265,438+million. If you can, of course. Property buyers saved 654.38 million yuan, and developers also got low-cost funds; However, if something goes wrong, then according to the law, the owner of the loan to buy a house needs to pay back 265,438+10,000 yuan. As for the agreement between the buyer and the developer, the bank will not care. So a few years ago, I met many informal photovoltaic companies as intermediaries, using farmers' lack of photovoltaic knowledge and information asymmetry to let farmers borrow in their own names. This loan belongs to farmers from beginning to end, not enterprises. Although there is an agreement between enterprises and farmers, enterprises will help repay this part of the loan. But as far as I know, many contracts between enterprises and farmers are packaged as gift contracts rather than agency contracts, and the gift can be stopped, so even if the enterprise runs away after the loan, he has made full preparations in law. This kind of enterprise wants to run away from the beginning. How can it not do its homework? Therefore, once the enterprise runs away, the income of the power station is not enough to repay the loan, the farmers have no money to pay back, and the banks will also have bad debts. Later, many banks learned to be "sophisticated" and asked enterprises to guarantee this loan. If the income of the power station is not enough, the enterprise needs to cover for him. However, there is still a bug in it. Legally speaking, farmers are borrowers and enterprises are guarantors, but in essence, loans are obtained by enterprises and enterprises are guarantors. It stands to reason that it is illegal for a bank loan to be repaid by a guarantor or others. Whoever borrows money will repay it. But the particularity of photovoltaic loan is that it is the power generation income of the power station that repays the loan. If the power station revenue is less than expected, the enterprise will compensate. Of course, this is not corporate loan repayment, so there is still room for this product. Photovoltaic itself is good, but there were indeed many swindlers and irregular companies in the early years. Why is it not easy for houses and cars to play this scam? Because the price is relatively transparent, the photovoltaic threshold is still relatively high, and most people don't know how much it is worth and what is going on. Sometimes banks do photovoltaic loans not to make money. This kind of information asymmetry between the east and the west conforms to the national policy and is easy to tell stories. So some fraud companies can be farmers' banks at both ends. Cheated, farmers must be really cheated, but it's hard to say whether some banks really don't understand or pretend not to understand, and each has its own interests. However, enterprises that sell photovoltaics, enterprises that engage in photovoltaic loan scams, and manufacturers that regularly produce photovoltaic materials are completely different. The former is a trading company and a leather bag company, while the latter is a manufacturing industry. The two cannot be confused. "Photovoltaic will not make farmers rich, but only increase their income." The first contact with photovoltaic loans by bank employees of a city commercial bank in Yang Lijun was at the end of 20 17. Suddenly, many photovoltaic dealers came to dock with our bank. At that time, I was also sent by the leaders to follow up the photovoltaic-related business, and I began to understand photovoltaic loans from then on. At that time, the background was domestic photovoltaic overcapacity, international anti-dumping investigations, and tariffs on China's photovoltaic exports, and domestic photovoltaic capacity needed to be digested internally. Accordingly, the state has introduced some subsidy policies for household distributed photovoltaics, and local governments will also give some support to local photovoltaic enterprises. For example, if you use photovoltaic accessories of designated enterprises in the province, you can apply for provincial and municipal financial subsidies. With the help of the policy, a large number of manufacturers poured into this industry and wanted a piece of the action. How did many PV dealers come in the first place? Some power system practitioners who have a better understanding of policies want to seize the cusp of photovoltaic, so they just pull up a grassroots team and make a patchwork to become photovoltaic manufacturers. This is a typical practice in the first few years. Because too many dealers came to seek cooperation, we also made screening at that time. Many companies that want to cooperate give me the feeling that they don't want to do a good job in this industry, as if they just want to leave with a wave of enthusiasm. We don't want to cooperate with this kind of cooperation, and we are also worried about the risks. Our bank is still cautious in choosing manufacturers. First of all, it depends on whether the technology is leading the industry and whether the cost is well controlled. There are only a few leading manufacturers now. If you don't cooperate with leading enterprises, you will go directly. If there is no problem with the power generation income, it will be very worry-free. I think this is the logical basis of photovoltaic loans. Second, we will also see if this dealer is rooted in this industry. For example, we ask dealers not to mix operations. If you don't put your heart into this industry, it won't work, because distributed photovoltaic is a long-term thing for decades. The photovoltaic loan is paid back by the power station income, so we will also calculate the specific power generation income and life span of a power station. We have calculated this calculation conservatively, and the power generation will only be higher than the calculated one in the final comparison, not lower. In addition, the loan is compensated by the dealers themselves, so many dealers will buy property insurance for the power station, and the dealers will consider risk transfer. In case the power station is damaged by hail and earthquake, the insurance company will cover the bottom. Of course, farmers need to have the ability to pay down payment, which is more of a constraint on farmers. If many people don't invest a penny, they may destroy, tear down or throw away the power station, and the income from power generation will not be guaranteed. We avoid the risk of being abandoned by asking farmers to pay a down payment. 2065438+May 3, 20081day, the state clearly accelerated the decline of photovoltaic power generation subsidies and reduced the subsidies. For a time, the whole industry "changed". My most intuitive feeling is that after "53 1", few dealers come to contact our bank again. After that, the remaining manufacturers are basically better in technology, and they can generate better profits without subsidies, while others with low efficiency are eliminated. It can only be said that under the spring tide, there will be sediment. After the big waves wash sand, some enterprises can't survive, and the remaining surviving enterprises are basically doing this in a down-to-earth manner. The abolition of subsidies also has some impact on us. In the past, when there were subsidies, we granted credit for five years, but with the decline of photovoltaic subsidies, we did not adjust the credit policy in time. Although there is no problem with power generation, the income is not as much as before, and the pressure of compensation for dealers has become greater. So we later adjusted this credit period to 8 years. Now the subsidy has not been included. In this most conservative case, the income from power generation can also cover the principal and interest of the whole loan. To be honest, it is unrealistic for banks to really want to earn much money through photovoltaic loan business. The scale of tens of millions and hundreds of households is definitely not as good as a large project with billions of investments and low human consumption. Therefore, we make photovoltaic loans mainly for social responsibility and regulatory requirements. Photovoltaic projects can achieve many indicators, such as green finance, rural revitalization, small and micro, two increases and two controls, and universal benefits. Of course, I have also seen some chaos in recent years, such as helping the poor. Some people establish relationships with village heads and village cadres and act as agents. However, the built power station can't generate electricity and can't afford to maintain it later, just to get poverty alleviation funds. This is also the case. I have always felt that there is one point that needs to be clarified. Photovoltaic cannot make a farmer rich. It can only be said that it can give some benefits to farmers and make up for some electricity bills. From the point of view of farmers or banks, if there is no problem with the enterprises that choose to cooperate in the early stage, there will be no risk in the later stage, and all risks are fraud risks. But which line does not have the risk of fraud? Online loan, telecom? Isn't the public security organ also promoting the app of the National Anti-Fraud Center every day? The scam of photovoltaic loan can only be said that the liar used photovoltaic, but not that photovoltaic itself is a scam. "The introduction of photovoltaic loans by banks has greatly improved the enthusiasm of photovoltaic enterprises, but I don't understand why photovoltaic loans should be given to poor households?" Wu | Financing personnel of a photovoltaic enterprise in the north I was sent to a photovoltaic enterprise under the group from the second half of 20 16, mainly to help this photovoltaic enterprise go to the bank to dock photovoltaic loans, which can also be understood as financing photovoltaic enterprises. I spend 365 days a year, almost 300 days in the bank. At that time, household photovoltaic loans had just emerged, which was a good thing for photovoltaic manufacturers, which was equivalent to reducing the financial pressure of photovoltaic manufacturers. I visited no less than 15 banks in that half year to discuss cooperation. Why do photovoltaic manufacturers welcome banks so much? The characteristic of household photovoltaic is to install a power station for farmers and then rely on the income of the power station. Generally, it takes 7- 10 years to recover the capital, which takes a long period. If photovoltaic manufacturers use their own funds to do it, the cash flow pressure will be great. Therefore, after the entry of financial institutions, photovoltaic enterprises have great enthusiasm for participation. In addition, photovoltaic loans have an obvious advantage. Compared with other manufacturing industries, the lending cycle of photovoltaic loans is faster. Under normal circumstances, the shortest process from the early stage of photovoltaic sales and installation to the final receipt of loan confirmation income takes about 2 months. On average, it takes 2 ~ 3 months to complete such a whole process. Accounts receivable in normal manufacturing industry are generally about 3 months, 100 days. For the company, because the income comes from financial institutions, it is very stable, all in cash, and the normal manufacturing industry is likely to receive bills, discounted bills and losses, so photovoltaic loans are a good model for enterprises. In addition, generally speaking, photovoltaic loans are loans in the name of farmers, and major banks have channels to benefit farmers, so the interest rate is generally lower than other industries. For enterprises, after the loan is determined as income, it can also be used to develop more things, even if it is to obtain loans in the market and earn spreads in the middle, it is also good. So whoever doesn't want to do it will do it. However, it is not so easy to talk about cooperation with banks. Regular banks will strictly examine the qualifications of photovoltaic manufacturers, such as registered capital, capital scale, business volume and so on. Simply put, they pay more attention to the strength behind photovoltaic manufacturers, which determines the repayment ability of loans. Our company, backed by the Group, is a large local real estate development company. ICBC, which signed a contract with us later, took a fancy to the strength of the group to a great extent. For example, Zheng Tai, which is now a large household photovoltaic enterprise, is difficult to pass the bank's audit if it is carried out alone, and the bank pays more attention to the strength of Zheng Tai Group behind it. I know that several photovoltaic manufacturers in Shenzhen have not got the cooperation order from the bank. Therefore, some manufacturers will settle for the second best and cooperate with some leasing financing companies. A bank usually only signs two photovoltaic manufacturers in one place, otherwise it will easily lead to business involution. After the audit is completed, the enterprise will sign a series of contracts with financial institutions, the most important of which is to require the enterprise to provide unlimited joint liability guarantee to users, which requires the enterprise to provide unlimited joint liability guarantee to users and pay the deposit in the bank. Once the user does not repay the loan, the bank will first ask the enterprise for compensation. If the enterprise has no money to compensate, the deposit will be deducted. If the deposit is insufficient, financial institutions will go to users for repayment. This deposit is generally determined according to the strength of the enterprise, ranging from 5% to 10%. The deposit we paid in ICBC is 10%. After these preliminary works are completed, the sales staff of photovoltaic enterprises will be responsible for selling to farmers. After the sales contract is signed and the power station is connected to the grid, financial institutions will ask farmers to take photos with the power station to prove that the power station construction is completed. My job is mainly to take photos and contracts, as well as some other information, for the bank to review and urge the bank to lend. If there are no photos, only seals or contracts, it doesn't count. At this point, this business has been completed by about one third, and the follow-up banks also have file sorting and post-loan inspection, which is the work of banks. The key to making photovoltaic loans is to see if it is a formal cooperation channel. If it is a regular bank, there will generally be no problem. Because the photovoltaic industry is different from other industries, its basic income is well measured. If a farmer installs a 10KW power station, the cost is 3 yuan/watt, and the overall value is 30,000 yuan, and the loan amount that the bank can give to the photovoltaic company is 80%, then the photovoltaic company can get a bank loan of 24,000 yuan, plus interest, and how much can be repaid every month within 8 years. At the other end of the combined power station, the annual power generation and power generation income of the conventional power station of 10 kW can be basically confirmed, so whether the power generation income can cover the loan interest can be directly and accurately calculated. Then why are there still many problems in photovoltaic lending? Normalization is still lacking. Some companies raise the cost of power stations, and some informal banks raise the loan interest rate in order to make money, which eventually leads to the power generation income far from covering the loan interest. In the end, the company ran away and farmers suffered from photovoltaic loan fraud. Regular enterprises should also set a low price for photovoltaic power plants. Farmers should pay attention to those high-priced photovoltaic manufacturers. No matter what he says, don't do it. It is very likely that the power generation income will not be able to repay the loan at all. At the time of "53 1" in 20 18 (note: the most stringent photovoltaic policy: controlling scale and limiting subsidies), the whole industry experienced a major reshuffle, and many small enterprises' capital chains were broken and they could not continue to operate. Financial institutions have also carried out self-examination and self-correction, and all unqualified ones will be kicked out. At that time, there was another kind of poverty alleviation that we intended to do. That's village-level poverty alleviation. We found a wasteland in the village, built a photovoltaic power station, and then counted the number of poor households in this village and distributed the power generation income to these poor households. However, there are also some problems. First, the property rights are not clear. Second, when connected to the grid, we don't know whether it is centralized photovoltaic or distributed photovoltaic. Financial institutions don't quite agree with this method, because the loan subject is not clear, so we didn't do it in the end. In fact, on the whole, without the support of financial institutions, the scale of household photovoltaic in China could not be extended to such a large scale. Therefore, the form of photovoltaic loans is definitely good, and there are many problems. Because the business is in its infancy and has been widely publicized, it will naturally attract some "malicious" companies, but after several years of ups and downs, it has gradually become formal. Related Questions and Answers: Related Questions and Answers: What is a photovoltaic loan scam? Recently, in rural areas, a new type of investment has aroused heated discussion. That is, using the space on the roof, installing solar panels and integrating the generated electricity into the national grid will bring many benefits. This has moved many people, and many people have quietly entered this industry. If a family is rich, others will be jealous, but what if there is no principal? Workers who are called the photovoltaic industry will encourage loan investment, which will be profitable. But is there really such a thing as dropping pies? If you think rationally, this thing is probably a bluff, and then you can avoid into the pit. 1, scams generally have high returns. In human history, there have been many cases of bubbles. But these stories, often known to everyone, are regarded as jokes. As soon as we met, we rushed in without hesitation and woke up at the end of the song. There is such a company in the office building where I used to work, and the object of fooling is the retirees in the city. They describe a project with a very high return on investment and let people talk about it. You can get a return on investment of more than 30 yuan every year, share entrepreneurial stories with a sea of people every day, and get a lot of generous gifts. Most retired people rushed over with free gifts, and finally put their savings into attractive projects, and finally their savings were hollowed out. This farce lasted about three years. More people went in and ran away with oil on their feet. The scene left behind is sympathetic and indignant. This is a traditional scam, gathering popularity with high returns, and finally harvesting thousands of prey indicators, and finally the building is empty. Actually, this is the principle of fishing in our daily life. If you want to catch fish, you must have good bait. Fish will swallow the hook in order to eat, and finally become a dish for human beings. Many people often know it's fishing, but they think they have good skills. They can eat the bait and spit out the hook. So there is the above scam, the scammers are carefully laid out, and the fish flock. 2, the new scam changes the soup without changing the medicine. We said that the following photovoltaic loan scam, the core routine has not changed, or the bait mode. Some people did use the space on the roof to install solar power generation equipment, which was successfully incorporated into the national grid and gained something. But the photovoltaic loan, his temptation is the previous success, and the hook is the loan. In many people's minds, once new technologies are involved, they will be superstitious in an instant. Without knowing it, the salesman cheated me into signing the agreement and blindly entered the dream of making money. Photovoltaic power generation really benefits the country and the people. But there is a premise that it is merged into the national grid. As far as I know, the current access conditions are not random access. Regular companies will assist in joining the power grid and repay related loans with power generation income. But some people, in order to complete the sales task, began to buy equipment quickly. If you have money, you can buy it in full, and if you don't have money, you can fool the loan. Everyone must keep their eyes open. If the photovoltaic loan is mortgaged and profitable, both parties will have a cooperation agreement. Look at the agreement clearly. The bank is very strict about this photovoltaic loan. Such a project is more reliable and there is no scam. If the project given by the photovoltaic loan salesman is just to fool everyone into buying equipment with a loan, and the loan is a way of physical mortgage, then this is a scam. Because you take the risk yourself, they won't be responsible for the later gains! 3, don't forget the pain in the countryside, many scams make everyone's wallet dry. In the past few years, the characteristic breeding, no matter what the concept, ended up selling seedlings for profit. Most of the promised acquisitions ended in farce. (1) otter breeding (2) ostrich breeding (3) centipede breeding (4) Marca planting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . There are more than a dozen cases above. In short, people always feel that they have skills. You can eat the bait and spit the hook. Facts have proved that from Beijing to Nanjing, it is better to buy than to sell. To tell the truth, I haven't seen many people who can really get away with it. When a pie falls from the sky, you must first think about the feasibility and never fall into the pit again. After all, no one's money was blown by the wind, especially the money of the peasant brothers. I have demonstrated the principle of fraud and the operation of photovoltaic loans one by one. I hope everyone will keep their eyes open and not be fooled easily. Originality is not easy, welcome to praise and support.
Second, the new model of photovoltaic loans, is it a scam or true?
Photovoltaic loans are true, but the so-called new model should refer to renting the roofs of ordinary people for a certain number of years (for example, 10 years). After 10 years, the photovoltaic power generation system will be owned by the people, and the profits during 10 years will be owned by the merchants, and the people will pay no down payment.
At first glance, the temptation is great. In fact, this model is very risky.
Photovoltaic power generation is a long-term investment and financial management process. In order to make quick money, many businesses are undoubtedly using inferior power generation system materials to kill the goose that lays the golden egg.
If the merchant deliberately hides it, it is a scam in a sense.
Therefore, ordinary people still have to choose the original photovoltaic power generation system suitable for them from regular manufacturers.
Don't believe that pies fall from the sky.
Third, the new model of photovoltaic loans, is it a scam or true?
Photovoltaic loans are true, but the so-called new model should refer to renting the roofs of ordinary people for a certain number of years (for example, 10 years). After 10 years, the photovoltaic power generation system will be owned by the people, and the profits during 10 years will be owned by the merchants, and the people will pay no down payment.
At first glance, the temptation is great. In fact, this model is very risky.
Photovoltaic power generation is a long-term investment and financial management process. In order to make quick money, many businesses are undoubtedly using inferior power generation system materials to kill the goose that lays the golden egg.
If the merchant deliberately hides it, it is a scam in a sense.
Therefore, ordinary people still have to choose the original photovoltaic power generation system suitable for them from regular manufacturers.
Don't believe that pies fall from the sky.
Fourth, talk about the "new model of photovoltaic loan", is it a scam or a help?
What did you say? ...