Regular script has the meaning of model, which was first mentioned in Zhang Huaiguan's Shu Duan. People in the Six Dynasties still used it habitually, such as Yang Xin's Cai, and On the Biography of Wei Shou, saying, "Shou is a general, and Jingzhao people are good at regular script." That's the abbreviation of "eight-block method", which didn't replace the name of the official book until the Northern Song Dynasty, and its content was obviously different from the ancient name. There is probably an example of the above.
Regular script is the most popular script in China feudal society from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Jin and Tang Dynasties. Before the appearance of regular script, China calligraphy had produced three styles: Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu. Generally speaking, the ancient characters before Xiao Zhuan are collectively referred to as Da Zhuan, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and six languages except Qin in the Warring States Period. Xiao Zhuan is a popular script after Qin unified China. On the basis of Qin script, refer to other vassal scripts. In order to facilitate writing, it is standardized and unified. This is the first standardized regular script in the history of calligraphy in China. Official script is another representative character after Xiao seal, which is based on Xiao seal. The appearance of official script is a great revolution of Chinese characters. Its significance lies not only in the symbolization of Chinese characters, but more importantly, it has changed the writing style and aesthetic trend of Chinese characters, thus laying a foundation for the emergence of regular script calligraphy art and further opening up a broad world for the development and prosperity of China calligraphy art.
Therefore, in various calligraphy gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the art of regular script (called official script at that time, that is, assisting seal script to write faster) was directly bred. According to its law, the development history of regular script in China can be divided into four periods: the germination period of regular script-Qin and Han dynasties, the development period of regular script-Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the prosperity period of regular script-Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, and the maturity period of regular script-Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Song Xuanhe's Book Score: "In the early Han Dynasty, Wang Cizhong began to use official script as regular script." The regular script here actually refers to the eight-part essay created by Wang Cizhong, not the so-called regular script today. He added: "On the tomb of Confucius, a regular script tree planted by Zi Gongzhi has straight and unyielding branches." The strokes of regular script are concise and refreshing, and must be like the branches of regular script trees. Regular script in the Tang Dynasty, like the prosperity of the national situation in the Tang Dynasty, is really unprecedented. Calligraphy style is mature, and calligraphers come forth in large numbers. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun, Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing in the middle Tang Dynasty and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty all regarded his regular script works as models of calligraphy.
In ancient times, there was a saying: "Learning calligraphy must start with the pattern, and writing must start with the big characters. Chinese characters are based on Yan, Chinese characters are based on Europe, Chinese characters are ripe, and then they are gathered into small characters, which is the law. " However, according to the results of many years of experimental research, it is not appropriate for beginners to learn too big words first, but it is more suitable for Chinese letters.
The regular script of Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan and Chu Suiliang, three great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty, is the most suitable model for copying Chinese characters. This is a simple introduction as follows:
Regular script, which originated from ancient Li, is based on the style of two kings and the style of northern school in the Six Dynasties. They are unique in structure, unique in originality, authoritative and influential in society, and are the standard for learning books. Investigating the characteristics of regular script, the pen is strong and powerful, the strokes are neat and tidy, and the structure is cheerful and healthy. His representative works of regular script inscriptions include "Jiuchenggong Liquan Ming" and "Huadu Temple Monument".
Yu Shinan's regular script, elegant and graceful, inherited the legacy of the wise and brave Zen master and was the clique of the Wang school. Although it originated in Wei and Jin Dynasties, its softness on the outside and rigidity on the inside swept away the cowardice of Wei and Jin calligraphy style. His masterpiece in regular script is Confucius Temple Monument.
Chu Suiliang's regular script is famous for its sparseness and strength. Although he is the ancestor of the right army, he can win its charm. Its font structure seems very bold and unrestrained, but it can skillfully reconcile the quiet style and create an unprecedented situation. The preface to the sermon on the Wild Goose Pagoda is the most representative work in his regular script. Generally speaking, writing small characters is very different from writing big characters. In principle, writing big characters should be close and seamless, and writing small characters should be more spacious. In other words: writing big characters should be as accurate as writing small characters; Writing small characters is as cramped as writing big characters, so the ancients said, "Writing big characters should be like small characters, and writing small characters should be like big characters." In Su Dongpo's prose, there is a saying that "the big characters are hard to be seamless, and the small characters are hard to be generous". How do you say these words? Because when we usually write big characters, we think that our position (area) is very wide and we can write freely. As a result, the fonts become loose and empty. Writing small print is just the opposite, because the space is too small, and it is inevitable that you will try your best to shrink it if you are worried that you can't write it. It tends to curl. This is a natural psychological phenomenon, which is easy to break. Therefore, the CPSU's statement that "there are great difficulties and minor difficulties" is based on this statement and is based on experience.
There is not much difference between the center of gravity of writing fine print and the coordination of strokes. As for the pen, it is slightly different. Small print should be round, beautiful, straight and neat; Big characters should be magnificent and heavy. Use the back front (hidden front) to write big characters and the back front to receive pens; You don't have to use sharp edges to write fine print, but use sharp edges to collect pens. For example, when writing a horizontal line, the pen is pointed or pointed, and the pen is round; Write vertically, start or pause, and receive the pen sharply; Skimming the pen to make it fat: hold the pen to make it fat, and at the same time bend slightly from left to right, with vivid and emotional strokes; Point should be sharp and round, pick should be sharp and sharp, bend inside and outside, and hook should be half bent and half straight. The pen is flexible and limitless. In particular, the whole word should be written in different strokes, but in harmony. A line of words is patchwork, but it has always come down in one continuous line. If there is, it will naturally run through and look like a pearl necklace.
Fine print is a necessary calligraphy for daily use in ancient times. In the past, people who took part in the imperial examination mostly read the words first and then the articles. No matter how good the writing is, the article will be affected. He is the top scholar in the imperial examination and an academician, especially paying attention to calligraphy. So every scholar and Hanlin's fine print is exquisite. Generally reading, they are also good at writing small characters. Hard pen is popular now, and few people write small words with a brush. But writing small words with a hard pen can get twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, if you want to write hard pen, you might as well find a good fine print and practice it. Will certainly lay a solid foundation, lifelong benefit, inexhaustible.
There are many copybooks in small letters, among which the reputation of small letters in Jin and Tang Dynasties is the most prominent. It usually includes Xuan Tie by Zhong You in Wei Dynasty, Yue Yi Lun by Wang Xizhi, Cao E Bei, Huang Ting Jing, Wang Xianzhi's Sonnets of Luoshen, and Ling Fei Jing by Tang Zhong Shaojing. There are also ink photocopies of works in lower case such as Yuan Zhao Mengfu, Ming Wang Chong and Zhu Yunming, which are also good examples.
Zhong You's calligraphy style is simple, but none of the handed down works "Declaration Form" and "Recommended Season Table" are true, and most of them are handed down by later generations or temporary works. Appreciating a good copy, you can imagine its quaint style. Regular script in Qing Dynasty is represented by Ying Shao's Ninety-two Methods of Frame Structure, which is based on Ou Yangxun's Thirty-six Conjunction Method and Mason Lee's Eighty-four Methods of Big Character Structure in Ming Dynasty. It systematically and comprehensively analyzes the laws of Chinese character structure combination, and summarizes 92 methods of writing Chinese characters with typical examples. Ninety-two Methods of Abstract of Shelf Structure is a relatively complete and practical calligraphy post, which has a great influence on later calligraphers. It is not only suitable for beginners to learn, but also suitable for calligraphy lovers to refer to and appreciate. Ninety-two methods are instructive for beginners to understand the structure of bookshelves, and they are beginners' enlightenment instructors. After 65,438+000 years, Huang Ziyuan, a famous calligrapher, copied and popularized the 92 Methods of Summarizing Shelf Structure. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, it became a household name. A book, a necessary desk for scholars, still has a wide influence.