The battle of Feishui took place at the foot of Bagong Mountain on Feishui God. The ancient city of Shouxian, Anhui. Flying water tour
Map of the North-South Situation from the Battle of Feishui to the Northern Expedition War
As fertile water, it comes from Jiangjun Mountain between Feixi and Shouxian. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Shi and Xie Xuan defeated Fu Jian. The battle under the water between the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a famous example in Chinese history. There are idioms such as jittery, nervous, and beyond the reach of the whip.
The picture on the right shows the north-south situation from the Battle of Feishui to the Northern Expedition. The black line in the picture is the dividing line between the actual control areas of the two sides before the Battle of Feishui, and the red line is the dividing line between the actual control areas of the two sides from the victory of the Northern Expedition to the death of Xie 'an.
Activity background
The original text is selected from Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Volume 105.
Fei Shui, Chen and Jin soldiers of the Qin army are not allowed to cross the river. Xie Xuan sent an envoy to see Yang Ping and Gong Rong, saying, "It is a long-term plan for you to stop fighting and push for water, not for a quick victory. If it is transferred to Shao Chen, it will help nomads from the river to decide the outcome. Wouldn't that be great? " All the generals of the state of Qin said, "I am outnumbered. I might as well stop here, so that I can get things done." Jane said, "But if you serenade him halfway, I'll kill him with an iron horse. This is beyond reproach! " Rong thought so too, so he ordered the soldiers to make it disappear. Chi then retreated, unstoppable.
Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Yi and so on. Lead the troops across the water to attack them. Rongchi rode a little, but those who wanted to retreat with Shuai fell down and were killed by nomads from the army, and Chi was defeated. Xuan and other 56-point thrashing, as for Cyclobalanopsis; Chi was defeated, and the deceased, Gaiye Saichuan. When Monkey heard the news, he thought that Jinbing had arrived and dared not rest day and night. They camped on the grass and froze to death, and even seven or eight died.
At the beginning, there were few Qin soldiers, but Zhu Xu shouted after Chen: "Qin soldiers are defeated!" The crowd swarmed in. Xu Yuanxi, Tianxi Zhang and Xu Yuanxi all came to run. This was taken by Qin's mica car. Shouyang was also taken, and Bao Guo, the satrap of Huainan, was embraced.
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The former Qin army was deployed under pressure, and the Eastern Jin army could not cross it. Xie Xuan sent an emissary to Gong Rong in Yangping, saying, "You are alone, but you are pressing water to adjust your troops. This is a strategy of long-term stalemate, not a method of quick combat. Wouldn't it be a good thing if we could move our troops back a little and let the Jin army cross the river to decide the outcome? " All the generals in the former Qin Dynasty said, "We are outnumbered, so we might as well contain them so that they can't go ashore. This will be foolproof. " Fu Jian said, "Just lead the troops back a little and let them go."
Battle of feishui
Halfway across the river, send armored cavalry to attack and then kill. There is no reason to be invincible! Fu Rong thought so, too, so he waved the flag and ordered the soldiers to retreat. Once the former Qin army retreated, it was out of control.
Xie Xuan, Xie Yan and Huan Yi led the troops across the river to attack them. Fu Rong rode a horse to patrol the army and tried to lead the retreating soldiers. As a result, his horse fell to the ground, Fu Rong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was killed by soldiers, and the army of the former Qin Dynasty collapsed. Xie Xuan, etc. All the way to Cyclobalanopsis. The army of the former Qin Dynasty was defeated, and the people who were trampled to death flooded Shan Ye and blocked the mountains and rivers. When the refugees heard the sound of the wind blowing and the chirping of cranes, they all thought that the troops of the Eastern Jin Dynasty were coming. They didn't dare to stop day and night, panicked, slept on the streets and died of hunger and cold.
When the former Qin army retreated slightly, Zhu Xu shouted behind the army: "Qin Jun failed!" Hearing this, the soldiers ran away. Zhu Xu flew to the Eastern Jin Dynasty with Tianxi Zhang and Xu Yuanxi. Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, was captured in a car decorated with mica. Shouyang was also occupied, and so was Bao Guo, the former prefect of Huainan in Qin Dynasty.
The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China.
The corrupt politics at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty triggered great social unrest, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 3 17 A.D. and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. In the north, there are many disputes between ethnic minority regimes. The pre-Qin Dynasty founded by De successively destroyed the separatist countries such as Dailiang and Liang Qian, and unified the Yellow River basin. Later in 373 AD, the Eastern Jin captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), and its influence extended to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, was ambitious, hoping to eliminate the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and unify the north and the south with the trend of "high winds sweeping autumn leaves". Idioms and allusions such as "beyond the reach of the whip", "grass and trees are all soldiers" and "the wind is shaking" all come from the war of water.
The Battle of Feishui took place in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, which was called Shouzhou and Shouyang in ancient times. It also makes fat water, which comes from Jiangjun Mountain between Feixi and Shouxian. Homologous but different: those that flow to the northwest will leave Shouxian after 200 miles and enter the Huaihe River; What flows to the southeast will flow into Chaohu Lake. In the Three Kingdoms, Wei defeated Sun Quan in Zhang Liao. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Xuan also defeated Fu Jian. This is a famous ancient battlefield. Especially the Battle of Feishui in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a famous example in the history of our country.
At the battle of water, more than 700,000 * * were completely annihilated, scattered in former Qin Jun, and only the 30,000 troops of Xianbei Mu Rongchui Department were still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, but the temporary reunification of the north also collapsed again.
Battle of feishui
Divided into more local ethnic regimes, Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore the sovereignty of China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South, creating conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River. The battle of Feishui has also become a famous example of how to win more with less, which has been recorded in military history and has had a long-term impact on the war view and decisive battle thought of later strategists.
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Activity flow
In August 383, Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry and 30,900,000 guards from Chang 'an to the south. At the same time, Fu Jian ordered Zitong prefect Pei Yuanlve to lead 70,000 navy divisions from Bashu to the east to March towards Jiankang. Nearly a million marches "travel thousands of miles back and forth, moving in opposite directions." East and West Wan Li, land and water go hand in hand. Fu Jian proudly declared: "Take my countless trips and throw the whip in the river to stop it from flowing." "
The Eastern Jin Dynasty faced a critical moment of life and death under the pressure of a strong enemy, and the hawks headed by Prime Minister Xie An were determined to stand up and resist. Di Chin, on the recommendation of Xie An, appointed Xie Shi, Xie An's younger brother, as the conquering viceroy, and Xie Xuan, Xie An's nephew, as the pioneer, led the "Northern House Soldiers" who had been trained for seven years and had strong fighting capacity (the army that had been strictly trained among the northern emigrants and was the most powerful main force in the Eastern Jin Dynasty) to meet Qin Jun's main force along the west of Huaihe River. Hu Bin was sent to lead the water army to reinforce Shouyang (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), a strategic place. Huan Chong was also appointed as Jiangzhou Secretariat, leading 654.38+ Wanjin Army to control the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and prevent Qin Jun and Bashu Army from going down the river.
Map of the Battle of Feishui
10 On June 8th, Fu Jian's brother Fu Rong led Qin Jun's vanguard troops to capture Shouyang (now Shouxian County) and captured Xu Yuanxi, commander-in-chief of 8 Jin J alive. At the same time, Qin Jun Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province). On the way, Hu Bin, who was ordered to lead the water army to rescue Shouyang, learned that Shouyang had been breached by Fu Rong, so he retreated to Shi Xia (now southwest of Fengtai, Anhui) and waited to meet the armies of Xie Shi and Xie Xuan. Fu Rong led an army to attack Shi Xia. Fu Rong led Liang Cheng to attack Luo Jian (east of Huainan, Anhui Province) with fifty thousand troops, blocking the Huaihe River traffic and Hu Bin's retreat. Hu Bin was trapped in Shi Xia, and the food and grass were exhausted, making it difficult to support. He wrote a letter for emergency use, but the money for delivering the letter was caught by Chi, and the letter fell into Fu Rong's hands. Fu Rong immediately reported to Fu Jian that 8 Jin J serenade was short of food and grass, and suggested that he arise quickly to prevent 8 Jin J from escaping. Fu Jian was rewarded and left the army in Xiangcheng, leading 8,000 cavalry to Shouyang.
As soon as Fu Jian arrived in Shouyang, he immediately sent Zhu Xu, the former commander of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to 8 Jin Army Camp to surrender. After arriving at the camp, Zhu Xu did not surrender, but provided Xie Shi with information about Qin Jun. He said, "Although Qin Jun has a population of one million, it is still marching. If we concentrate our forces, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's incomplete arrival to launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its vanguard troops and demoralize them, we can break the Qin million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that Qin Jun was very strong and planned to stick to it until the enemy was tired and then waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Zhu Xu's words made him feel very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defense to attack and take the initiative to attack.
165438+ 10 In June, Xie Xuan sent Liu Laozhi, a valiant general, to attack Luo Jian with 5000 soldiers, which started the battle of Feishui. Qin Cheng led 50,000 troops to line up against the enemy by the river. Liu Laozhi divided his troops and made a detour to Qin Jun to cut off his retreat; Led the troops stormed waterinfo, stormed Qin Jun, panicked, barely resisted for a while, and then collapsed. The commander Liang Cheng and his brother Liang Yun died in battle, and the officers and men rushed to the Huaihe River to save their lives, killing more than 1.5 million people. Luo Jian's victory greatly boosted the morale of 8 jin j..
Due to the pressure on the west bank of Feishui, 8 Jin Army could not cross the river, so they had to confront each other across the river. Xie Xuan sent an emissary to Fu Rong, who dared not say, "You are a long-term plan, not someone who wants to make a quick decision. Why don't we move less and let the nomads cross the border to decide the outcome? " Qin Jun's generals all expressed their opposition, but Fu Jian thought that we could play along and let the troops retreat a little. When the Jin army crosses the river halfway, the cavalry will kill it again, so as to win. Fu Rong's planning for Fu Jian also illustrates.
Battle of feishui
Agreed, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and ordered Qin Jun to retreat. However, the morale of Qin Jun soldiers was low, and as a result, they lost control as soon as they retreated, and the battle was in chaos. Xie Xuan led more than 8,000 cavalry to Qin Jun, and Zhu Xu shouted after the battle of Qin Jun: "Qin Jun was defeated! Qin Bing was defeated! " Chixin believed it and turned and ran. Seeing that the general trend was not good, Fu Rong rode to stop it in order to stabilize his position. Unexpectedly, the horse was washed down by the mutinous soldiers and killed by the pursuers of 8 Jin Army. The loss of main qi became more and more chaotic and completely collapsed. The rout of the striker caused panic in the follow-up troops, and it also ran away in a chain reaction. As a result, the whole army fled and retreated northward. Qin Jun routed troops didn't dare to stay along the way. He listened with trepidation and thought it was the pursuit of the Jin army. 8 jin j 56-point thrashing, arrived at Cyclobalanopsis near Shouyang. Qin soldiers and horses marched step by step, covering mountains and irrigating rivers. Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow, and only 65438+ 10,000 yuan was left when he fled back to Luoyang.
The Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to report good news. Xie An is playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he put aside the good news with a straight face and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report coming from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The child finally defeated the Qin people." ("Children have thieves!" Hearing this, the guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs' teeth. This is the origin of the famous allusion "broken tooth".
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Battle allusions
Fear of danger in every voice; Start with the rustling of leaves; be frightened out of one's wits
"Fear of wind and fear of grass and trees", that is to say, wind and bird singing are regarded as the abnormal sound of the enemy's pursuit, and every grass and tree are regarded as the enemy's army, which shows how frightened the fear of defeat and flight is!
This language comes from The Book of Jin Fu Jian. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Qiang Qin always wanted to annex the State of Jin, and Fu Jian, king of Qin, personally led 800,000 troops to attack the State of Jin. General Xie of the State of Jin led 80,000 soldiers and horses to battle. Fu Jian is, of course, arrogant, didn't see the disparity of gold strength.
However, who expected that the vanguard of the vanguard troops was defeated in the first battle with 8 Jin J, Fu Jian panicked. He and his younger brother Fu Rong went to the front to inspect in the evening. He saw that Jin Jun's lineup was neat and his morale was high. Even the vegetation on Bagong Mountain, where 8 Jin J is stationed, is like a mountain full of soldiers! Then, in the battle of Feishui, Qin Jun was completely defeated and suffered heavy losses. Fu Jian, the king of Qin, was injured himself, and his younger brother Fu Rong was also killed. Fu Jian fled in a hurry. When he heard the wind and birds singing, he thought it was the enemy's pursuer again. According to this historical fact, later generations created the "wind crane"
The course of the Battle of Feishui
Alas, every grass and tree is a soldier.
If the cavalry throws the whip into the river
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, after the former Qin Dynasty and Fu Jian unified the north, the eastern Jin Dynasty confronted the north and the south. Fu Jian will lead millions of cavalry south and wipe out the Eastern Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop. Fu Jian gathered ministers to discuss, but many ministers disagreed. Shi Yue, the minister of Prince Zuo Weikai, said: "According to the astrology, it is not appropriate to go south this year. Moreover, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was blocked by the natural barrier of the Yangtze River, and its monarch won the hearts of the people. So you can't act rashly and blindly travel light. It is better to stick to national strength, reduce armaments, and take the opportunity to attack when there is internal change. " Fu Jian doesn't think so. Instead, he boasted, "You can't believe everything about astrology. As for the Yangtze River, Fu Cha, the King of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Sun Hao, the Lord of Wu in the Three Kingdoms Period, both risked their lives and eventually died. I have nearly a million soldiers today, and the number of soldiers will be wide, and the number of people will be numerous. I will throw my whip into the river and stop its flow. Are you afraid of natural disasters? " He didn't listen to the advice, decided to attack Jin, led a great army, and marched in a long line from west to east. Xie Xuan and Xie Shiling, the generals of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, fought against the enemy with 80,000 soldiers. Fu Jian went into battle lightly, relying on many soldiers to attack, but was resisted by 8 Jin Army. He was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in World War I and never recovered.
The original meaning is to throw all the whips into the river and you can cut off the water flow. After metaphor dint, commonly used words.
make a comeback
In August 383, Fu Jian set out from Chang 'an with an army of 870,000. On the way south, smoke billowed, infantry and cavalry, plus vehicles, horses and trench, the team was vast, almost thousands of miles long. A month later, Fu Jian's main force arrived in Xiangcheng (now south of Shenqiu, Henan Province), Yizhou Water Army also went downstream to the east, and troops north of the Yellow River also arrived in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province). From east to west, on the long front of Van Dory, the former Qin army went hand in hand with water and approached the south of the Yangtze River. When the news reached Jiankang, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin and all the officials in Beijing panicked. The military and civilians in the Jin Dynasty were unwilling to let Jiangnan fall into the hands of the former Qin Dynasty, and everyone hoped that Prime Minister Xie An would make up his mind. Xie An is a native of Yang Xiachen Jun (now Taikang, Henan Province). He was born into a noble family. He and Wang Xizhi were good friends when he was young. He often travels around Dongshan in Huiji, reciting poems and talking about articles. He was very famous among the literati class at that time, and everyone thought he was a very talented person. But he would rather live in seclusion in Dongshan than be an official. He was recommended to be an official. He has been in office for more than a month, and he doesn't want to do it. At that time, there was a saying among the literati: "What will the people do if Xie An doesn't come out to be an official?" It was not until he was in his forties that he came out to be an official again. Because Xie An lived in seclusion for a long time, he later called it a "comeback" and came out as an official again.
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Activity analysis
There are many reasons for Fu Jian's fiasco at Feishui. Among them, there are mainly: arrogance, subjective arbitrariness, not listening to dissuasion, and rushing to war; Internal instability, disagreement, confusion, and floating people's hearts; If the front line is too long and the troops are scattered, the shed length will be short and there will be no coordination; Frustrated in the first battle, that is, losing confidence; In addition, not knowing the military situation, retreating at will and making a mess provided the enemy with an opportunity; I didn't notice the espionage activities of Zhu Xu and others, and let my opponent know my situation, thus putting myself in a passive position.
The main factors of the army's victory in the Eastern Jin Dynasty can be summarized as: staying calm in times of crisis.
Fu Jian, go his own way.
Respond to the enemy; The monarch and the minister are in harmony, and the soldiers use their lives; The Lord will be able and the command will be certain; Get the truth about the enemy and know yourself; The foot soldiers are fine, and the northern government soldiers are ten; Understand the right time, the right place and the right people, and give full play to the strengths of your own army; Break the enemy in the first battle, defeat its soldiers and boost morale; Encourage the enemy with wisdom, lure him into chaos, and then use the gap to cover up and kill him; Resolutely implement strategic pursuit and expand the results.
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Combat significance
The result of the Battle of Feishui stabilized the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities into the South, and provided the necessary opportunity for the social and economic recovery and development of the south of the Yangtze River. For the former Qin regime and Fu Jian himself, this war was the disintegration of the temporary unification of the northern region. Mu Rongchui, Yao Chang and other gentry and nobles rose again, dismembering the rule of the former Qin Dynasty, and Fu Jian himself soon came to an end tragically.
In the long run, the most important role of the Battle of Feishui is to continue and develop the Central Plains culture of the Han nationality who fled to the south, and directly affect the spiritual essence of the unified dynasties such as Sui and Tang Dynasties. It can be said that the Battle of Feishui preserved the core part of Chinese culture and gave it a chance to breathe and rise again after the so-called "five flowers".
After the Battle of Feishui and the Battle of Shenhe North, the confrontation between North and South. Later, Emperor Wu of the Southern Song Dynasty entered Chang 'an in 4 17 AD, but the military generals clashed in Guanzhong, gaining and losing. In 450, Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty infiltrated from the north bank of the Yellow River and pushed all the way to the north bank of the Yangtze River. But it is difficult for northerners to adapt to the climate in the south. Soldiers are very ill and can't stay long. Hou Jing, winner-takes-all, rebelled many times, first rebelled against Beiqi, then rebelled against Nanliang, and then rebelled against Liang's independence. He was also trapped in Jiankang in 548 AD, and was soon killed by his subordinates, which was far from the goal of reunifying the whole country. It was not until 589 AD that Emperor Wendi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Wendi, inherited "one boundary" and "one area". So far, 206 years have passed since the Battle of Feishui.
Historically, reunification is not based on the orthodoxy of the North and the South, but on the political development of the state power. Judging from the unification trend of China after the Battle of Feishui, although the Jin Dynasty had superior morality and popular will, it still failed to achieve reunification. This is because the ruling class of the Jin Dynasty as a whole did not regard the realization of national reunification as its basic policy. Even Zhu, who is good at fighting.
Xie An (320 ~ 385)
The generals did not regard the Northern Expedition as an ideal. The court appointed him as the secretariat of Yan Xu, stationed in Pengcheng, but he asked to retire to Huaiyin. Obviously there is no will to the Northern Expedition. Even after Sima Tian replaced him as the secretariat of Yan Xu, he was still stationed in Luoyang. The rulers still failed to continue the Northern Expedition. Sima Tian died after serving for more than a year, and Zhu Xu quickly retreated from Luoyang to Xiangyang. The rulers did not make a real northern expedition to Houyan and Houqin except that Zhu Xu and Liu Laozhi later fought on the north bank of the Yellow River and attacked Zhai Zhao.