I. Reform of the national investment system and capital construction
The planning system of national investment projects and the compartmentalized basic construction system are a major feature of construction projects in China's planned economy period. Since the allocation of funds in 1950s and 1960s, great changes have taken place in the state's investment in capital construction, and the corresponding capital construction mode has also changed from the mode that the state issues capital construction plans without competition to the mode that takes the market as the core. Project legal person responsibility system, bidding system, construction supervision system and contract management system have gradually become the mainstream of capital construction.
1, a complete planning system
Before the implementation of reform and opening up, the state's investment in capital construction was only state investment. No matter the scale of the project or the nature of the investment, there is only one way out. At this time, it is basically unnecessary for engineering consulting units and engineering supervision units to exist. State investment is basically controlled by administrative units, and the government adopts a planned way to control investment. In order to develop local economy, local governments have adopted the way of "running plans" to win state investment. At this stage, on the whole, the benefit of investment is low. Because the national economy is planned and controlled, products are extremely scarce, and there is generally no shortage of sales. The construction of large and medium-sized projects takes the form of general assembly warfare, and the relevant departments deploy personnel to form the capital construction headquarters. After the completion of the project, the infrastructure personnel will return to their original units. Engineering design has set up a survey and design unit to engage in professional design according to the Soviet model. Construction is also task assignment. Each department sets up its own construction team, arranges the construction according to the unified construction quota, and adopts the mode of legal profit. The biggest drawback of such a system is that there is no competition, so there is no enthusiasm.
2. Appropriation to loan reform
With the development of national economic construction, the previous complete planning model can no longer meet the development needs of economic construction. The country began the reform of changing appropriation into loan. The project legal person (owner) shall be responsible for the change of appropriation to loan. The emergence of social investment, foreign investment and joint ventures is also a great achievement of national economic construction. Engineering consulting units came into being and showed great vitality. From 65438 to 0982, major construction projects required by the state must pass the feasibility analysis of consulting companies. With this reform, supervision enterprises have also begun to appear, which has played an important role in ensuring the quality, progress and investment control of engineering construction. Since then, China's economy has embarked on a new road dominated by market economy. The role of investment in economic development is becoming more and more significant, and the investment desire of local governments is becoming stronger and stronger. However, there are also a lot of investment efficiency problems at this stage. Industrial convergence leads to repeated construction, and a large number of extremely valuable construction funds have not been well utilized. From the point of view of capital construction, the capital construction headquarters with the nature of general assembly war is increasingly unsuitable for the requirements of construction and development in the new period. Advanced bidding, owner responsibility system, construction project manager responsibility system and the new construction supervision system of Lubuge model have gradually shown strong vitality.
3. Establish the project legal person responsibility system.
With the rapid development of national economic construction, China's planned economy is gradually transitioning to a market economy. So far, the vast majority of goods in China are priced by the market independently, and investment is increasingly becoming the independent behavior of enterprises. The state began to implement the project legal person responsibility system. The bidding system, construction supervision system and contract management system are fully implemented in the field of engineering construction. It should be said that this reform is a very profound revolution. China has also started to connect with international capital construction, and a large number of foreign contractors have entered China, which has brought many new things to construction management. With the implementation of many large-scale construction projects, construction project management has been popularized in China. Engineering consulting enterprises and supervision enterprises gradually broke the old monopoly of the industry, and a brand-new industry characterized by project management agency system appeared, which triggered a big discussion in the construction management industry. People have conducted in-depth discussions on whether a supervision enterprise should be established and its development direction, and people in other industries closely related to it, such as consulting companies and registered cost engineers, have also expressed their opinions. I think this discussion is necessary because it is a realistic need. China's engineering consulting industry and supervision industry are facing the same problem, that is, the management of construction projects should be completed from beginning to end, which is also the internationally accepted way of consulting engineers. This debate is not over yet, but we have reached a consensus that the construction industry must carry out consulting services in the early stage of construction, such as project approval and feasibility study, as well as management services in the whole process of design and construction.
Second, the relationship between project management and consulting supervision
The construction of engineering projects involves various fields and specialties. Due to the limitation of time, energy and specialties, it is impossible for the owner to complete all the management work by himself. Under the condition of market economy, the owners generally entrust various tasks of project management to different professional units through various entrustment contracts, and the project owners only undertake coordination and monitoring to achieve their original planned goals and ensure the construction goals of high quality, high speed and low investment.
With the feasibility study incorporated into the capital construction procedure, consulting units came into being. They mainly undertake the evaluation task of national capital construction investment decision. Generally, it belongs to the system of the State Planning Commission, and there are comprehensive engineering consulting companies or consulting centers in countries and regions.
The supervision unit is a consulting organization that provides construction supervision services for the project implementation stage, and is generally affiliated to the Ministry of Construction. Entrusted by the owner, the supervision unit shall supervise and manage the project according to the construction supervision contract, design documents and relevant national laws and regulations.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that both consulting units and supervision units provide consulting services for engineering construction, but their service contents and work stages are quite different. Consulting units mainly provide consulting services in the early stage of the project, and supervision units mainly provide consulting services in the construction stage of the project. Their subordinate management units are also the State Planning Commission (NDRC) and the Ministry of Construction. However, from the perspective of project management, both of them are one aspect of project management. From engineering consulting company to engineering project management company, it is backward development, while from supervision company to engineering project management company is forward development. With the development of project management today, qualified engineering consulting companies and well-known supervision companies should develop into project management companies. Only in this way can we better meet the requirements of the owner and make the construction management of the project better.
Third, the content and operation of agent construction project management
For the current engineering construction, an obvious change is the emergence of agent construction system. The so-called agent construction system means that the owner does not directly organize the construction, but gives the responsibility of construction project management to a project management company, which performs its functions. The agent system represents a professional and professional project management unit, and gradually gained trust. At present, there are not many units that implement the project agent construction system, but because of its obvious professional advantages, it is a symbol of the maturity of engineering construction in China. At present, within the scope of Beijing, the author already knows a number of projects such as huilongguan hospital, National Museum, new office building of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, and wiesmann factory building.
The management of agent construction system is embodied in the following aspects: it is clearly stipulated in the entrusted management contract that important working documents such as the general control plan of project progress, the decomposition control plan of project investment, and the project management framework (contract network diagram) are compiled by the management company, but they will take effect after being approved by the owner; Although most of the management work is completed by the management company, all the contracts are directly signed and paid by the owner and relevant parties. That is to say, although the owner regards the project management objectives as the contract basis for assessing the management company's work and authorizes the management company to start work, it still reserves the final decision on important specific work. The basis of entrusted management contract lies in the trust between the entrusting party and the entrusted party. As long as the owner maintains the basic trust in the management consulting company, can normally examine and approve the documents submitted by the management company according to the management contract, and basically sign and implement various economic contracts, the management consulting company can perform its duties and realize the project management objectives agreed in the entrusted management contract.
Because the above-mentioned multiple units * * * participate in the construction of the same project, whether it is active, orderly, clear and scientific, or passive, disorderly and vague, it will inevitably lead to the relationship between the units and the project management structure. Good project management, the formation of its management mode and structure must belong to the former situation, while fuzzy or unscientific project management mode and structure will inevitably lead to the confusion of work responsibilities, work interfaces and mutual relations of all participating units, resulting in the waste of production and management resources, and the result is the failure of the established work objectives of construction projects.
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