The Provincial Archaeological Association will inform you to prepare your portfolio. In order to live up to the love of the society, I intend to add a subtitle to the article "The Great Wall of Qing Dynasty" handed in at the first annual meeting, and rewrite it in some places. I sincerely hope Fang Jia can give me some advice.
First, the discovery, confirmation and investigation of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty
1978, when Yan, a cultural and theoretical cadre in Xiangning County, went to Zaoling Township to participate in social education, he saw the Tiger Gully in Sangyu Village, Zhangpo in the south and the Yellow River bank in Shijiatan Village in the north. The river was covered with stone buildings called "city walls" by local people, which fluctuated along the terrain and became spectacular. The next year, I saw the same relic on the east bank of hukou in Jixian County and paid attention to it. 1984, in order to develop the tourism industry in Hukou of the Yellow River, the Jixian government instructed this comrade to make an investigation of scenic spots. /kloc-On October 29th, a piece of "Changbi inscription" written by Chen Kun, a Shanxi Buzheng and Tongzhi magistrate, was found under Shijie in the east of Xiaochuwo village. Therefore, it can be proved that the written materials of stone buildings along the river have been discovered. At that time, although the names of "Long Wall" and "Great Wall" were compared more than once, neither dared to call it "Qing Great Wall".
In mid-February, Yan Jin took the rubbings of this stone tablet from his comrades-in-arms and reported what he saw and heard to Mr. Xie Xigong of the Regional Cultural Bureau. Mr. Xie immediately pointed out that the Great Wall is the general name of the military defense engineering system in ancient feudal society in China, and there are many other names because of different dynasties. At present, the lower limit of the Great Wall building recognized by academic circles is the late Ming Dynasty. If the Great Wall is called the Qing Dynasty, it should not be considered literally, but more importantly, it should be investigated and demonstrated from the aspects of overall distribution, shape, construction purpose and function. He also visited the east bank of Hukou, and made on-the-spot observation on the existing relics, Heqingmen, Siming Monument, Ferry Fort and other buildings.
Later, under the leadership of Comrade Yan of Jixian Cultural Relics Workstation, the existing remains of Yuanzigou in Xiangning County in the south and the 334-mile section along the Qianbeitou Yellow River in Yonghe County in the north were investigated. Among them, the five comrades who participated in the inspection were Li from the Regional Cultural Bureau, Yan Yuyu from the Jixian Cultural Center, Daning Cultural Relics Protection Center, Xiangning Cultural Center and Yan Yamei from the Jixian Cultural Relics Station. During the investigation, two iron cannons, a dagger and several iron bullets were also found, and twelve inscriptions were copied.
Second, the reason, process and distribution of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty.
After the Opium War, in order to compensate Britain, the Qing government plundered a lot of silver and imported a large number of industrial products and opium from capitalist countries, which destroyed China's self-sufficient natural economy and intensified social class contradictions. Twisting Party is a poor peasant anti-Qing association organization that rose in Lu Yu and Hubei after the Baili Uprising in Sichuan, Chu and Anhui. With the development of the situation, it has become a powerful peasant uprising force in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and is active in the northern part of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's revolutionary struggle, the Nian Army shouldered the historical responsibility of the anti-Qing struggle and "extended the history of this revolution for four years" (Di Jiang 1979). At the same time, driven by the Nian Army, the developed Hui uprising spread all over the northwest, thus forming an arc encirclement of the Qing Dynasty by the peasant revolutionary struggle forces in ten provinces along the Yellow River, starting from Lu Yu in the east and reaching Ganning in the west.
1865 In the first half of the year, the Nian army defeated the Qing army one after another, especially in May of 18, the Sanglin Qinma team and its 11,000-strong troops were completely annihilated in Gaolouzhai, Heze, Shandong Province, and the Qing crown prince Horqin was killed. The cabinet bachelor Shun, the generals He Jian 'ao and Er Jing 'e won a great victory, which shocked China and foreign countries and shocked the ruling and opposition parties. Had to rely on the Han warlords, eager to transfer Zeng Guofan's Xiang army to the north. After Zeng Guofan came to power, he changed the disadvantages of the tactics of "rushing and chasing" adopted by the Qing army in the past. The strategic principles of "key fortification", "river defense layout" and "investigation" are put forward. First, the rear-end collision bureau is changed into a intercepting division, and the military system is set as a thief without a fixed place. Long-wall fortifications are built along the canal, Shahe and Jia Luhe, and a point-to-line defense system is developed. This method of dealing with the Nian Army was used by Li Hongzhang as a coach. Although there was a quarrel between the ruling and opposition parties, he finally decided to continue to use it, which became a strategy and tactic to annihilate the Nian Army. After the Nian army was suppressed, the Huai army turned north into Jin and deployed along the east bank of the Shanxi-Shaanxi Canyon to prevent the northwest Hui uprising army from advancing eastward. These existing relics in Shanxi Province were all built during this period.
Due to the limited conditions, the investigation of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty was carried out without spending a penny and affecting normal business work. Therefore, except Linfen along the river, the distribution of Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, northwestern Shanxi and other regions can only be obtained by consulting relevant information. Now I choose to copy it as follows in order to have a general understanding of the Great Wall.
In March of the fifth year of Tongzhi, "... Zeng Guofan was stationed in Xuzhou to repair the canal and prevent the East Road. "
"In May of six years, Zeng Guofan built a long wall on the east bank of the Shandong Canal in the early Qing Dynasty, and went down the embankment on the west bank of Jia Luhe, Henan. The long wall in Henan Province has been the breakthrough of the Nian Army for a year.
In July, "Li Hongzhang's plan to force him into the corner of the sea was a defense strategy for the Jiaolai River. Adjust the Henan Army and the East Army to keep them together. Build a long wall. " (For details, see Zhicheng Deng's "Two Thousand Years' History of China", Volume V).
In April of the fifth year of Tongzhi, "Guo Fan said: Xuzhou is among the four towns, with the northeast as the foundation of the world and the southeast as the foundation of the minister army. The east road is heavy, so we have to borrow canal water, which is the boundary of bandits. However, during the shallow flood season, the river is more than 1,000 miles long, and it is planned to add dikes and fences with Zhili and Shandong to delimit the land for defense. Yan Jingming was invited to visit the Canal, and Liu Changyou came to the venue from Zhang Qiu. Decided to defend Zhang Qiu, Dong 'e and Lishan from the tofu shop below Fanxian County; Above the tofu shop, go to Dongming, Changyuan and Fang Zhili. Cover Zhang Qiu for the Yellow River to Tianjin, why not set up Shandong garrison. He also built a wall in the canal, from Daimiao Temple in Anshan in the north to Shenjiakou in the south. Nanbamen, Suqian to Yaowan and Chengzi River are set in sections, which is the beginning of guarding the river and preventing transportation. "
"San Francisco's defense of transport has been solid, and it is suggested to guard Shahe in the future. From Zhoukou to Huaidian, Huaidian to Zhengyang, they all guarded Shahe, and Frant Gwo and Qiao Songnian were released; From Zhoukou to Zhuxian Town, he always regarded Jia Luhe as a vassal; From Zhu Xian, 40 miles north to Bianliang, and 30 miles north to the Yellow River, there is no water choking. Li Henian dug up the city and guarded it: all the places below Zhengyang were on the waterfront, and the navy and the Anhui army were released. So, Liu Mingchuan, Pan and Du built a long wall, and officials and people from Anhui and Jiangsu helped them. It winds 700 miles to reach the defense, like the Great Wall. "
In May of six years, "Liu Mingchuan offered to defend the canal". Move the east long wall to the west bank; Defending the Jiaolai River. Hong Zhang followed it. "
In June, "it was proposed to build a wall into the sea from New Hexi to the east of Weihe River."
In March of seven years, "Prince Gong played Fu in the Cape, which was limited to January. Li hongzhang re-examines the north canal. Ding Baozhen and Han Ying will be in Dongchang, and land will be divided. From Linqing to Weijiawan for more than 60 miles, the Anhui Army was stationed, and from Dongchang to Zhang Qiu for 90 miles, the Huai Army was stationed. The army repaired the city wall in sections. "
In May, "First, Li Hongzhang, Pan, Zhou Shengbo, An and others built a wall from Linyi, and Ma Jiahe (pictured below) vacated the Shanxi River." (For details, see Wang Anding's Xiang Jun Ji and Ping Twist. )
In November of the sixth year of Tongzhi, Zhang Zongyu crossed the river by treading water from Yichuan, Shaanxi Province. In order to prevent the river soldiers from being brave, Fu Lian was trapped in Jizhou and Xiangning, and was plundered everywhere at Pingjiang. In December, I was trapped in Yuanqu and fled to Henan behind closed doors ... "(Since then, in order to prevent the West Twist and the Northwest Hui Rebels from crossing eastward). "The imperial edict made the thieves stationed in Zhadu temporarily flee eastward, and made the company strictly guard along the southwest of the river and obey orders."
"In April of seven years, bandits fled back to Yansui and patrolled everywhere. Jian Zheng built a stone base along the river, and thieves repeatedly committed crimes in Jizhou, Yongning and Daning, all of which were repelled by the defenders. In December, the army will cross the river and suppress the cover department, and the thieves will be defeated. "
"This department has helped Zou Zheng, the hometown of crossing the river to prevent the middle road, the north road to prevent the river and the early junction of the ice bridge, especially in the most important areas of all defenses. Now, the construction of the river base has been hidden, so that the soldiers can hide ... "
"In April of that year, the thief disturbed Yichuan, and Qilang's nest built a raft to rob the crossing, repelling the Confederate soldiers. In October, thieves along the river fled to Yongning, Daning and other places, and were also defeated by the Jin Army. "
"In April of eight years, officers and men suppressed the thief Hetao and sent Yun Chang away. In July, the thief returned to the south and built a stone barrier along the river. " (See Shanxi Tongzhi Volume 78 for details)
According to the above records, the distribution map of the Great Wall built in the five to twelve years of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1866 to 1873) can be roughly drawn.
Third, the shape and characteristics of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty.
From the on-the-spot investigation, the impression of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty is: "Unlike the Great Walls of previous dynasties, it stands in the air along the vast ridge, giving people a majestic feeling;" But lying on the banks of the roaring Yellow River, like a dragon rushing to fly. Its city walls face the river in front and lean against the mountains in the back, and square fortresses protrude from the city walls. The huge muzzle hole is aimed at the entrance of the dock where the ferry stops, and the barriers are strict and eyeing. " (See Shanxi Youth Daily 1985.2.2). Now only according to the footprint and morphological characteristics of the 334-mile section of the southern section of the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge, it can be roughly summarized as follows:
First, the overall layout is dense and focused.
Different from the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, the layout of the Great Wall in the Qing Dynasty is continuous, but it is sparse because of the terrain and the specific situation of the pass. Its basic principles are: important pass, ferry, high wall, heavy wall and battery; General ferry, trail, camp, retaining wall; When the river is flat or the bank is flat, "it is to build a long ridge and curl up thousands of miles." If the mountain is steep and it is difficult for people and machines to climb the Kamitakagishi, then the shed card will only be built on both sides or between adjacent cliffs.
According to the survey, the fortification and construction of 24 ferries (passes) along the river can be divided into four situations:
1. There are toad beach (Gangshan) Longwang, Pingduguan and Madouguan with heavy walls, high walls and many castles. For example, the Dragon King (Zhuanshan) entered the Jin Dynasty in the sixth year of Tongzhi, so it was heavily guarded. Its engineering construction can be described as a solid wall and a strong army in Ma Zhuang. With Heqing Gate, which stands tall on the east slope of Wang Long (Zhuanshan), as the center, Bashi Trench is built in the north; The long wall of Longwang Temple in the south; (West) The wall of the Yellow River is lofty and firm, (East) it stands on steep hills and pierces the blue sky; On the dock of the ferry, a huge fort stands on the high slope, between the battlements on the city wall. "Red Yi" and "Frog" are placed alternately. According to the investigation, the wall of some sections is as high as 10 meter, and only Niumawang Temple is less than 20 meters, so two iron cannons have been removed. And some guns. Another example is the Toad Beach Ferry, which was also built by the North-South Second Battalion by the river. A high fence was built in front and a barrier was built along the terrain. A suspension bridge is erected outside the barrier door between the barriers, so that the second barrier can be connected (or it is easy to connect in wartime and stop when the enemy comes). Dig heavy trenches on the high slope behind the base and build another fence to form a second line of defense; At the top of Yingdong Mountain, a stockade will be built and a beacon tower will be set up in the stockade. This is the last place to stay.
2. There is only one single ditch, and there are nine places outside the ditch, such as Shijiatan, Mazitan, Lingzitan, Majiatan, Fengjiaqian, Lirenpo, Buddhist Temple, Tieluo and Esther. Such as Shijiatan, the battery is still intact and stands in the primary and secondary schools south of the forest; The remains of the battery on the north and south sides of Mazitangou are still discernible: although Fengjiaqian and Yonghe Pass have been damaged, the old traces of that year can still be found.
3. In the third case, a wall is built along the river, there are batteries outside the wall, and a ditch is built in the wall to connect with the wall. For example, Laohugou, Jingzitan, Xiaochuan Wo, Guzhen Kou and Yinde all belong to this category.
4. Another style is relatively simple, that is, only a single trench is built without other preparations, such as Tan Xiao, Luxiangya, Shizuiwan, Weizitan, Sanyanyue and Jiumenkou (also known as Taoerwan).
Outside the ferry, that is, between the ferries, it also depends on the terrain, the rapidity of the river and the steepness of the beach. Where the riverbank wall can't stop the boat, the current is urgent, and the ferry and raft can't stop, the wall is generally not built; In the area where the river bank is gentle and the water flow is stable, the wall is not only high, but also constantly curled. For example, Bashigou to Madun Beach, Madun Beach to Fengjiaqian, Tan Xiao to Luxiang Cliff, Luxiang Cliff to Wanbaoshan, no fence is built; From Tan Xiao to Shijiatan in the south, Jingzitan to Huaibu Mao and even to Laohugou in the south, the stone walls are continuous and towering on the shore, with a loophole facing the river and a mouth like a tooth. Another example is the section from Xiaochaowo to Longwangmiao, so this section is the narrowest part of the Yellow River in the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge, and a ten-mile ice bridge is formed every nine winters. Therefore, the calendar is the focus of prevention. In less than ten miles, seven trenches were built, 2 1 cannon was deployed, and five retaining walls were built behind the walls, which people could cross. It is the most heavily guarded place in the south of Shanxi-Shaanxi Canyon.
Second, brick wall, local materials, clever use of mountains and rivers.
Compared with the Great Wall of past dynasties, the Great Wall of Qing Dynasty is the most obvious. In the survey, all the building materials we saw were taken locally. Except for a ditch in Xiashizuiwan, Liuguzhuang Ridge, which was built with loess, the rest were built with stones. There are two kinds of stones used, one is flaky (which can be picked up everywhere on the hillside) and the other is block stone (which needs to be excavated and it takes a lot of work to make soft flaky). The construction method is as follows: select the high slope of the river bank, shovel the surface soil, bind the stones vertically in rows, evenly spread the insulation layer between each row, or change the inclination of the stones to make the skin. Then fill it with gravel and miscellaneous soil and tamp it. Or skin made of staggered stones. In order to increase the height of the wall, enhance the defense function, save labor and reduce the transportation of materials. Usually, the fill is taken from the front of the wall immediately, and the ditch in front is dug at the same time when building the wall. In this way, the stone wall is two to five trenches deep. The total height of the wall reaches two feet and seven feet (as shown in Figure 2). For example, the city wall, battery and trench foundation on the east side of Hukou are flexibly constructed in this way. Another construction method is: all stones or strips are used for masonry, and the walls are not filled with miscellaneous soil. This construction method is used to construct along the river from Tanxiao to Shijiatan and from Jingzitan to Huaibumao. Some sections, such as the wall built in the north of the small beach, follow the river bank to the steep cliff, and then deliberately connect with it, so that the cliff becomes a wall. Another example is Wang Long (Gangshan), Madouguan and Shibiya. Then, walls, cribs and blastholes (also called blastholes) are built on the original temple external walls, docks or natural stone embankments, so that the original buildings and natural embankments are connected into a whole. In this case, the outer ditch is generally not dug.
Third, engineering design integrates the experience of past dynasties and creates a new trend of the times.
From the appearance, the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty is not as majestic as its predecessor, giving people a feeling of "ugly". However, after five years of observation, we found that the Great Wall of Qing Dynasty was superior to the Great Walls of previous dynasties in terms of actual combat function, construction technology and overall layout, and many features were not available in the Great Walls of previous dynasties. In other words, these characteristics of the Great Wall in the Qing Dynasty clearly show the initial form of the modern national defense engineering system. Some features still have practical significance today.
The Great Wall of the Qing Dynasty, like the Great Walls of past dynasties, is not a city wall or some irrelevant castles or trenches, gates, towers or stockades. "A complete defense system has been formed from the central government to military and political institutions at all levels, contacting the most basic military units and guarding the city." (Luo1August, 980) A section (54 kilometers) from Mazitan to Fengjiajian along the Yangtze River in Jixian County was deployed in Shanxi during the war, and the prefect Chen Kun was stationed in Jixian County. Deploy defense along the river, "guard the estuary separately, guard against dangers, build more bunkers, and make the future smooth", making the road along the river "as flat as a rock" (Volume 7 of Quan Zhi in Jixian County), and constantly exploring horses from the county seat to the river every day, which shows that the defense is complete.
Compared with the Great Wall of past dynasties, the construction of this Great Wall has more obvious characteristics:
Trenches, which are barracks on the Great Wall, are also practical fortifications. Most of them are located at the bend of ferries or rivers, where ships and rafts can be docked. What you see can be divided into three forms. One is an independent trench built on the high beach by the river, which is generally 50-60 meters long and 30-40 meters wide. The gate is located on the north and south sides, with a width of 2m, a wall height of 2m 5-3m and a thickness of 3m. The top part of the wall is the main wall and the auxiliary wall. The main wall is 0.5 meters thick, with holes (perforations) and some small platforms for placing explosives. The sub-wall is 3 to 2 meters thick, which is where the team stands. The fort was built at two corners of the river. Trenches are dug on all sides, with a depth of 4 to 5 meters, a width of 3 to 4 meters and a width of 2 to 3 meters. A tunnel was left in the base, and a team was stationed on each side. Build more steps near the wall and communicate with the sub-wall. This form is often to build an independent fortress or install a lattice card at the position of hundreds to tens of meters on the outer wings of the trench. Such as Lingzitan and Sanyan (earth kiln) are examples. The second is that the moat is connected with the long wall, such as the section from Longwang Temple to Qilangwo. In this case, the back walls of the trenches are connected with the walls, and there are steps between the walls. But if the horse face of the city wall protrudes from the wall, the position of the enemy tower will become a fort. Third, use the outer walls of ferries, villages and docks to build battlements and forts. This form depends on the original layout. Different shapes. Such as Madouguan, Wang Long (turning the mountain), Toad Beach, Shijiatan, etc. Are examples.
Gates are smaller than trenches, and many of them are located on both sides of rivers and trenches. It can be called a "satellite" fortification. Its shape and style depend on the terrain, such as Jiumenkou, Bashigou and Tan Xiao.
Long city walls, built along the river bank. The style is different from that of the Great Wall. If a terrace is built a few hundred meters away from the river bank and followed by a high slope, the height in front is 6 to 4 meters and the height in the back is 3 meters. The top main wall is 0.5 to 1 m high and 0.5 m wide, and the width of the auxiliary wall varies from 2 to 3 m. The front wall is provided with crenels or perforations, and the ditches dug in front of the wall are like those outside the wall. Wall every 200m to170m. The nose and mouth are small in front and large in back, with the same height and width, ranging from 0.5 to 0.3 meters. The protective walls on both sides of the bunker are 2m high and 1 to 1.5m thick, and the body tail is connected with the main wall of the outer stack. Generally, a flat inner ditch with a width of 2-3 meters is built behind the wall. Trenches and sub-walls are connected every 30-20 meters, which is a safe passage for soldiers to run ammunition and support in battle. For example, the first step of Longwang Temple belongs to this category. Those built on the bank of the stone embankment by the river do not dig ditches in front of the wall. Their shapes and sizes are the same as before, and some areas only use the front wall and the secondary wall as internal trenches, such as Tanxiao to Shijialing and Maojiao to Jingzitan.
Retaining walls, short walls are built for stones on high slopes or gentle slopes behind long walls, where people can cross paths around ditch barriers. Some are shaped like stone crevices, parallel to long walls, and some are shaped like walls, standing in the middle of the road. On the high shore of the steps of Longwang Temple. Nanshan in Shizuiwan is an example.
The smoke pier is the beacon tower. Most of them are built on the high slopes of river bends or conspicuous places at the top of the mountain, which are special buildings for transmitting military information in an emergency. 5-7 meters high, shaped like a frustum, with a small top and a large bottom. Found in Guandiling, it is made of stone chips and filled with loess. There is a pit at the top, and the scorched earth is 30 cm thick.
Zhai Wei, commonly known as Shizhai or stockade. This is a civil defense building, which was ordered by the government to be built by villagers in villages along the river to "strengthen the city walls and clean up the fields" against the Nian army. For the defense of the Great Wall in depth. Those who see it are mostly ditches built on three sides, two or three miles away from the village, with a convex stone tablet on one side or a flat roof on all sides, and a stone peak on all sides. The former just built a high wall on the tableland with stones, and a cave door was set on the wall. Twist, block the door and defend yourself on the wall; In the latter case, there are no steps, and after climbing up the wooden ladder, the ladder is isolated from the ground. At the top of all the stockyards, you can still see small building foundations built of stones. Based on this, the number of villagers can be calculated. For example, Li Gan Village in Daning and Goubao Village in Jixian County not only have stone (soil) and building foundations, but also the stone carvings preserved in Li Gan Village are precious materials for studying the history of Nian Army.
The Great Wall of Qing Dynasty, "The river wall is severe and seamless. If there is nothing, then be brave. If there is anything, the militia will climb the river to chase it. Hao is good at walking through walls. The more you fix it, the more solid it is. It is dangerous to set traps, ambush mines, throw iron, trip over horses, etc. There is nothing strange about it. There is hope for the water sail wall, and thieves can drift with the tide. (Jin Chen's "A Brief History of Nanshi" and "Compilation of Historical Materials of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" page 425) In this way, the defensive function of the Great Wall has been pushed to the peak of history by setting up dangerous situations step by step, laying down protection at different levels, and sending out the signal of mutual destruction between the army and the people through bonfires. Especially in order to adapt to the tactics of the times (firepower weapons) and engineering improvement, it can be said.
Four. conclusion
The Great Wall is a military defense engineering system set up by the ruling classes of all ethnic groups in ancient China for more than 2,000 years to consolidate and safeguard their political rule, and it is an image embodiment of the defense function of state power. Its huge engineering and outstanding function are incomparable to any other human activity relic in the world. Actually, let's put it in a popular way. The Great Wall is only a defensive wall to protect the homes of feudal ruling classes in past dynasties. From the cultural point of view, it is a cultural line, which once gave a stable environment to the developing Central Plains culture and gave some China people a sense of psychological security. However, judging from the manpower and material resources consumed in building the Great Wall; Due to the defensive function of the Great Wall and the delay of feudal society brought about by its symbolic closed consciousness, its merits and demerits are that singers praise its goodness and detractors curse its evil, and there are different views. The comparison is limited to space, so I won't go into details in this article.
As for the appellation of the Great Wall in past dynasties, it has always been inconsistent. According to preliminary statistics, there are thirteen types (excluding the Great Wall) such as moat, square moat, Great Wall pavilion, barrier, barrier, long moat, wide moat, Great Wall barrier, passageway, side wall and moat. As far as the name of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty is concerned, there are also ten kinds of long walls, stone barriers, card barriers, card barriers, long barriers, ditch walls, long dikes, long dikes, dike walls and river walls. If you add folk names, there will be more. Therefore, to understand the problem, don't repeatedly scrutinize the text. For example, the determination of the name of the Great Wall in the Qing Dynasty depends on its function, shape and distribution line, as well as the evaluation of contemporary people. For example, Wang Anding, a member of the Wang Dynasty, said in "Xiang Junji (Volume 16) Pingnian Army": "In the three generations, there were no cavalry in midsummer, and the March depended entirely on chariots. By the Warring States period, if you could ride a horse, the desert in the north was covered by the wind. At that time, the princes sealed it or thousands of miles away, only enemies of modern provinces, and hundreds of thousands of fighters crossed the country or reached the people's capital within a few days. So Sanjin, Yan and Qi all built the Great Wall to defend themselves. Can be found in the long and short strategy. Qin and the world, there are no thieves in China, the Great Wall of Wan Li is built, and riding by Hu is restricted. Therefore, it has been a long time since the wall was cut down enough to refuse horses. What is self-distorted prosperity? The monk king led the Mongolian elite in pursuit, and the princes of the Principality of Zeng were ordered to go north. At first, he also suffered from not having a horse, so he repeatedly used it to buy it. There are not many horses, and the crown is full. At first, I changed my plan and built a long wall to defend the canal and the Shahe and Shandong rivers. Everyone who heard it laughed at its pedantry. After Li followed suit, guarding Jiaolai, the North Canal, and the horse cheek was shocking, so he hid his talents. It is also a villain to build a wall thousands of miles away and defend it by several soldiers, whether it is self-sufficient or not. However, the world is very smart, and people who are not so stupid can't win. Those who insist on being clumsy and clever are exhausted. The construction of the Great Wall in the Qing Dynasty covered the extension of the strategy of Sanjin, Yanqi and even Qin to build the Great Wall to limit Hu Qi's riding against the enemy. " This passage is clear enough.
As for the role of the Great Wall of the Qing army and its influence on our society, Mr. Di Jiang said: "The East Twist Army and the West Twist Army both failed in the damn river wall tactics in the end." The reason is that facing the river wall, "its cavalry can do nothing, what sports warfare, what combination of riding and riding, what ambush and circuitous warfare, and so on, have become useless." This is similar to what Mr. Lu Xun once said in Gai Hua Ji: The Great Wall "never killed many workers in vain, so the Hu people can't stop it!" In contrast, it can be said that the Great Wall "really limited the Nian Army." (Di Jiang) This undoubtedly played a certain role in delaying the demise of the feudal system in our land. Perhaps it is for this reason, especially the shadow left in people's minds by the failure of Nie Jun, the great successor of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, that people have a psychological effect on the Great Wall that is consistent with its short stature.
Although the Great Wall of the Qing Dynasty is like a rusty broken chain, it runs across the Central Plains and descends along the Yellow River, giving people a feeling of guilt and hatred. However, judging from the progress of its type, reasonable layout and complete design, its particularity is scientific and advanced, which is not found in the Great Wall in previous dynasties.
The short wall of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty seems to have nothing to do with the words "broad vision, majestic, alternating high and low, abrupt and uneven", but with a little textual research, it is not difficult to find that the value of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty lies in this. Short, can reduce the hard work and materials; Relatively speaking, this greatly shortens the time from construction to use. In short, it is easy to hide and reduce casualties under the action of fire weapons such as blasting guns, old guns and rocket launchers.
Compared with the Great Wall in previous dynasties, the wall of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty was replaced by perforation after the female wall at the top and back of the wall was removed, and an inner ditch was built behind the sub-wall. This practice not only saves hard materials, but also adapts to the times, facilitates the deployment of troops and ammunition in combat, and guarantees combat effectiveness.
There are many clumsy and deep trenches in front of the evergreen city wall, which not only reduces the building filler (fills the excavated soil into the wall) but also increases the height of the city wall. Because of the trenches, enemy cavalry can't cross it, which greatly increases the defense function. It can be described as "killing two birds with one stone."
In the Qing Dynasty, the Great Wall changed the Mamian watchtower into a battery, and set trenches outside the wall or connected the trenches with the wall. This change can be described as a pioneering work of changing manpower support into firepower coordination and making garrison a practical fortification.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Great Wall built walls along rivers and polders on high banks. Although the former originated from the banks of the Luoshui River during the Warring States Period, it was not like the Great Wall of the Qing Dynasty, where "endless warships were spread out on the river in front of the long wall and patrolled back and forth on the water" (river and land) to cooperate with the enemy. The latter started with "building castles to prevent thieves" and "fixing walls to clear the wild", and the Qing government promulgated national reward laws. This practice of participating in the defense of land and water dikes as a whole is unprecedented in the history of defending the Great Wall.
Based on all the characteristics, it seems that there is no big problem to call the Great Wall of Qing Dynasty the intermediate transition system (or link) from the ancient war defense system to the modern war defense system. Engels once said: "Equipment, organization, organization, tactics and strategy first depend on the production level and traffic conditions at that time ... The influence of a talented commander-in-chief is at most limited to making the way of fighting suitable for new soldiers." Obviously, the layout and shape of the Great Wall in Qing Dynasty were different from those in previous dynasties because of the different social production level, especially the weapons production level. The replacement of cold weapons with fire weapons and the participation of "navy" in war defense are the corresponding results.
Another thing to mention is that the weapons used by the Qing soldiers and their development entered a new historical period, that is, "modern new guns gradually replaced cold weapons and old firearms, armored ships replaced wooden sailboats, and modern machine industry replaced handicrafts in the past." (chinese military history, Vol.1, Weapons, p.207) According to some data, only the Huai Army spends about 262 177 on manufacturing ordnance powder and purchasing weapons every year. (See Figure 17 in Wang's Records of the Huai Army) and "During the suppression of the Communist Party, the Huai Army was equipped with foreign guns to blow up guns" (Wang) This is just as Li Hongzhang said in Chen Zhong's Four Years of Tongzhi: "I have been suppressing thieves in the south of the Yangtze River for a long time and absorbed the essence of foreigners' firearms, so I abandoned the guns and shotguns that China used to use and became a foreign gun team. "
"Foreign guns" and "foreign guns" conquered the Qing government, and reparations, imports, and especially the loss of power pushed China to the abyss of disaster. However, the Qing government and its minions realized the power of "foreign guns" and "foreign guns" and used them to suppress the people's revolutionary struggle and hinder the process of history. Although it was "clumsy" to attack the ancient system and rebuild the Great Wall, it was able to break the customs and adapt to "foreign weapons", and finally put down the Nian Army and the northwest Hui uprising. In the meantime, the progress of "evil" of blood and fire contains dialectics. Only from the perspective of the change of the war defense system, to study the development process of Chinese military history, it can be said that the Great Wall is a bridge connecting the past with the future and a precious material.
On the banks of the Yellow River, the birthplace of Chinese civilization. We clearly see that with the development of social productive forces, some corresponding changes have taken place in the old appearance of the Great Wall. This change announced that the cold weapons were about to die out in the war, and the dominance of the fire weapons came. Therefore, we call this Great Wall in Qing Dynasty the latest Great Wall in the world. It not only continues the inherent system of cold weapon defense system for more than 2,000 years, but also shows signs of fire weapon defense system.
Comrade Zhang Liming, deputy director of Jixian Cultural Center, carefully drew a picture of the stone base along the river in Jizhou after attending the inspection.
_________________________________
Note: the gun body of "Hongyibao" is molded, with round particles of pig iron or wrought iron the size of grapes as seeds, with 300 or 400 particles of gunpowder at the bottom and fire at the top. "Frog Gun" is named for its short body, oblique mouth and soaring shape.