The epidemic situation in COVID-19 in China is different from that in foreign countries, and the strategies of vaccine use are also different. The main vaccination strategies in COVID-19 need to be considered in combination with the domestic epidemic situation and prevention and control objectives. At present, the significance of vaccination for key populations is to protect this part of the population on the one hand, and to "import external defense and rebound internal defense" on the other hand, which is conducive to the overall epidemic prevention and control in China.
At present, the key groups of vaccination in COVID-19 mainly include people engaged in industries with high infection risk such as imported cold chain, port quarantine, ship pilotage, aircrew, fresh market, public transportation, medical disease control, etc. People who go to work and study in high-risk countries or regions.
2. Is it necessary to get COVID-19 vaccine?
This is necessary. On the one hand, almost all China people have no immunity to COVID-19, and they are easily infected with COVID-19. After the onset of infection, some people will develop into critical illness and even lead to death. After vaccination, on the one hand, most people can gain immunity; On the other hand, through the orderly inoculation of COVID-19 vaccine, we can gradually establish an immune barrier in the population and block the COVID-19 epidemic.
3. How and where to get COVID-19 vaccine?
Vaccination in COVID-19 is carried out in vaccination units approved by local health administrative departments. Usually the inoculation unit is located in the health service center, township health center or general hospital in the jurisdiction. If vaccination involves some departments or enterprises with relatively concentrated key targets, some temporary vaccination units will be set up locally according to the situation.
The health administrative department or disease prevention and control institution in the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can carry out COVID-19 vaccination as required, including the location and service hours. Please pay attention to the relevant information publishing platform.
Vaccination for most key populations is organized, booked and assisted by the unit where the key populations are located. For individuals who go to high-risk countries or regions to work and study, they can pay attention to the relevant service information of vaccination in COVID-19.
4. What are the taboos for vaccination?
The taboo of vaccination refers to the situation that vaccination should not be given. Because most taboos are temporary, you can be vaccinated later when the situation that caused the taboo no longer exists.
Before COVID-19's vaccination plan and vaccination guidelines are clearly defined, COVID-19's vaccination taboo should be implemented according to the vaccine instructions. Usually, the taboos of vaccination include: 1. People who are allergic to vaccines or vaccine ingredients; 2. People with acute diseases; 3. Acute attack of chronic diseases; 4. People with fever; 5. Pregnant women.
Five, how to find and master the taboo of vaccination?
During the operation, if the first dose of vaccine causes severe allergic reaction, it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by vaccine, and it is not recommended to vaccinate the second dose. To understand the ingredients of the vaccine, people who were allergic to the ingredients of the vaccine in the past should not be vaccinated.
When vaccinating, the vaccinator should carefully ask the health status and past allergic history of the recipient. The recipient should truthfully report the health status, disease history and allergy history to the vaccination doctor. Informed consent should include vaccine contraindications.
6. Don't you need to wear a mask after vaccination in COVID-19?
Before the establishment of the population immune barrier, even if some people are vaccinated, everyone's awareness of prevention and control and preventive measures cannot be relaxed. On the one hand, the success rate of vaccine immunization is not 100%, and a small number of vaccinated people may get sick during the epidemic. On the other hand, in the absence of immune barrier, COVID-19 is still easy to spread. Therefore, you should continue to wear masks after vaccination, especially in public places and crowded places. Other protective measures, such as hand hygiene, ventilation and keeping social distance, also need to be maintained.
Seven, how to form group immunity in the population through vaccination?
The infectivity of different infectious diseases is different, and the immune level of people who block the epidemic of infectious diseases is also different. Generally speaking, the more infectious an infectious disease is, the higher the immunity of the people who need it. For example, measles and whooping cough are highly contagious, and if they are to be eliminated, the immunity of the population should reach 90%-95%; To eradicate smallpox and polio, the population's immunity should reach more than 80%. When the population's immunity reaches the above threshold, an immune barrier is established to prevent the spread of measles, whooping cough, smallpox and polio.
Population immunity is directly proportional to vaccine protection efficacy and vaccination rate. Therefore, to achieve sufficient population immunity, it is necessary to have a high enough vaccination rate, that is, the vast majority of people have been vaccinated. On the other hand, if many people don't vaccinate or most people don't want to vaccinate, they can't form a solid immune barrier, and when there is a source of infection, it is easy to spread diseases.
8. Does COVID-19 vaccine need a cold chain? How to ensure the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine during transportation and storage?
Vaccine is a biological product. In order to ensure the quality of biological products, they must be stored and transported in the specified cold chain state. So should the COVID-19 vaccine. "Vaccine Management Law", "Vaccine Storage and Transportation Management Standard" and "Vaccination Work Standard" all have specific provisions on cold chain requirements for vaccine storage and transportation.
When transporting vaccines, vaccine transport enterprises should regularly monitor and record the temperature during transportation to ensure that the vaccines are in the specified temperature environment. When the vaccine is received, the receiving unit shall request and check the temperature monitoring records during transportation.
In the process of vaccine storage, disease control institutions and inoculation units use thermometers or automatic temperature recorders to monitor the temperature of refrigerators storing vaccines, and measure the temperature 1 time every morning and afternoon, and fill in the cold chain equipment temperature record table.
During the use of vaccines, vaccination units use refrigerators and freezers to store vaccines. When storing and taking vaccines, the doors/covers of refrigerators and freezers should be closed in time to minimize the number of times of opening refrigeration equipment.
All relevant units should strictly abide by the regulatory requirements of the above links, so that the vaccine is in the whole cold chain state and ensure the quality of the vaccine.
9. What is the suspected abnormal reaction of vaccination? What is included?
Suspected abnormal reaction of vaccination refers to the reaction or event suspected to be related to vaccination after vaccination, also known as suspected vaccine adverse reaction. Including the following situations: vaccine adverse reactions, vaccine quality related reactions, vaccination error related reactions, psychogenic reactions, coupled diseases.
X. What are the adverse reactions of the vaccine?
Adverse reactions of vaccines refer to unexpected or unrelated reactions caused by the characteristics of vaccines themselves, which are related to the individual differences of recipients. Adverse reactions of vaccines include general reactions and abnormal reactions. The general reaction mainly refers to the transient and slight body reaction of the recipient, such as local reactions such as redness, induration and pain at the inoculation site, and systemic reactions such as fever, fatigue and headache. Abnormal reactions mainly refer to related reactions that cause organ or function damage of recipients, which are rare, such as acute severe allergic reactions.
XI。 What is psychogenic response?
Psychogenic reaction refers to the reaction caused by psychological factors of the recipients after vaccination, which is mainly caused by psychological pressure and anxiety during vaccination, and has no organic damage and has nothing to do with the vaccine. Some are "needle dizzy" and some are "hysterical". Group psychogenic reaction may occur in group vaccination activities.
What is a coupling reaction?
Coupling disease refers to the fact that the recipient is just in the incubation period or prophase of the disease during the inoculation process, and it happens coincidentally after inoculation. Therefore, coupling syndrome is not caused by vaccination, has nothing to do with vaccination, and is not an adverse reaction after vaccination. Coupled diseases after vaccination sometimes cannot be judged immediately, and need to be reported in time, and also need to be diagnosed by investigation and investigation and diagnosis expert groups of institutions such as disease prevention and control.
Thirteen, which circumstances do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination?
Abnormal reaction of vaccination refers to the adverse drug reaction caused by qualified vaccine during or after the implementation of standardized vaccination, and all parties concerned are not at fault. The following situations do not belong to the abnormal reaction of vaccination: general reaction, vaccine quality accident, vaccination accident, coupling disease and psychogenic reaction.
Fourteen How to monitor suspected adverse reactions of vaccination in China?
The Vaccine Management Law, the National Monitoring Plan for Suspected Adverse Reactions of Vaccination and the Measures for the Identification of Adverse Reactions of Vaccination clearly stipulate the monitoring and reporting of suspected adverse reactions of vaccination.
Specific measures include defining the responsible reporting unit, the responsible reporter, the content and time limit of the report, and stipulating the standards of suspected vaccine adverse reactions that need to be investigated. The diagnosis of abnormal reactions needs to be completed by the investigation and diagnosis expert group, and the identification needs to be completed by the provincial and municipal medical associations. The monitoring of suspected vaccine adverse reactions is realized through the monitoring information system established by China CDC, and the information is shared by CDC and ADR monitoring institutions. Disease control institutions at all levels and adverse drug reaction monitoring institutions will also regularly analyze and evaluate the monitored information. If there is a major event, it will be analyzed and evaluated in time.
Systematic and standardized monitoring of vaccine adverse reactions in China began in 2005. With the development and deepening of the work, the monitoring level of vaccine adverse reactions has been greatly improved. On 20 1 1 and 20 14, respectively, the ability of the World Health Organization to monitor adverse reactions in China's national vaccine supervision system was evaluated, and the monitoring indicators of vaccine adverse reactions reached or exceeded the WHO evaluation standards.
15. What is the protection durability of COVID-19 vaccine currently used in China?
COVID-19 vaccine is newly developed and put into use, and it needs continuous monitoring and related research after large-scale vaccination to accumulate more scientific evidence and evaluate the protection durability of COVID-19 vaccine.
16. Can COVID-19 vaccines from different manufacturers replace vaccination?
At present, there is no evidence that different manufacturers or different kinds of COVID-19 vaccines can replace vaccination. It is suggested to use the same vaccine from the same manufacturer to complete the vaccination at this stage.
17. What should I pay attention to during vaccination in COVID-19?
In the process of vaccination, the recipients should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters:
Before vaccination, you should know about COVID-19's disease, COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination process in advance.
You need to carry relevant certificates when vaccinating, do personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with the on-site vaccination staff to ask, and truthfully provide your own health status, vaccination contraindications and other information.
Need to stay for 30 minutes after inoculation; Keep the skin of the inoculation site clean and avoid scratching the inoculation site with your hands; If there are any suspected adverse reactions, report to the inoculation unit and seek medical treatment in time if necessary.
Eighteen, why should I stay on observation for half an hour after vaccination?
After vaccination, very few people may have acute allergic reactions and syncope. Acute allergic reactions that seriously endanger life safety often occur within 30 minutes after vaccination. Once an acute allergic reaction occurs, you can take timely treatment measures at the scene. Syncope also occurs within half an hour after vaccination. If you leave the observation site immediately after inoculation, you may cause accidental injury to the recipient due to syncope. Therefore, the vaccinator needs to stay in the designated area of the vaccination unit for half an hour after vaccination.
Nineteen, COVID-19 vaccine in the human body is how to play a role?
After vaccination, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the human body have cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memory. In this way, the human body has immunity to diseases. Once COVID-19 invades the human body, antibodies produced by vaccine and cytokines released by cellular immunity can recognize, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory can quickly mobilize the immune system to play a role, so that the virus cannot continue to proliferate in the body, thus achieving the purpose of preventing diseases.
Twenty, after vaccination, how long will it take to produce COVID-19 antibody?
According to the previous clinical trial of inactivated vaccine in COVID-19, the vaccinated population can produce better immune effect about two weeks after the second dose of inactivated vaccine was inoculated.
Twenty-one, COVID-19 mutation, COVID-19 vaccine is still useful?
Virus is one of the simplest organisms, and its proliferation depends on living cells. In the process of proliferation, the virus will mutate. From the global monitoring of COVID-19 mutation, there is no evidence that virus mutation will invalidate the existing COVID-19 vaccine. However, the World Health Organization, research institutions and vaccine manufacturers in various countries are paying close attention to the variation in COVID-19, and are also carrying out related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for the subsequent vaccine development and application.
22. If ordinary people are willing to vaccinate in COVID-19, can they register for vaccination?
At present, China's vaccination strategy is to follow the "two-step" plan, the first step is the vaccination of key populations. In the second step, as the vaccine is approved for marketing, the vaccine output will gradually increase and more vaccines will be put into use. By carrying out vaccination in an orderly manner, the eligible public can achieve "all answers", and gradually build an immune barrier among the population to control the epidemic of COVID-19 in China.
Twenty-three, not included in the key population and not vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine, what protective measures should be taken?
At present, China's vaccination strategy is to follow the "two-step" plan. The first step is the vaccination of key populations, and the second step is the vaccination of other populations. In the process of epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19, all non-vaccine prevention and control measures implemented in China are very effective. Although the public may not be vaccinated for the time being, there are still many effective prevention and control measures, such as wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently and ventilation.
24. What are the common adverse reactions of vaccination in COVID-19?
According to the clinical trial results of Xinguan pneumonia vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the common adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccine are basically similar to those of other vaccines that have been widely used. Common adverse reactions are mainly manifested as swelling, induration and pain at the inoculation site, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache and muscle aches.
Twenty-five, what factors may affect the vaccination effect of COVID-19 vaccine?
Usually, factors such as pathogen, vaccine characteristics and recipient status will affect the vaccination effect. In the process of vaccine development and use, in order to ensure the vaccination effect, the above factors are all considered. As a brand-new vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine needs further observation and research.
Twenty-six, COVID-19 has been infected, do I still need to get COVID-19 vaccine?
For most infectious diseases, people will have certain immunity after being infected with pathogens, and this part of the population is usually not the target of vaccination, such as smallpox, measles, rubella, chickenpox and other diseases. At present, although there are reports that people infected with COVID-19 virus have secondary infection, the problem is still a case, which has not been widely spread, and more follow-up studies are needed to draw a conclusion. For the known confirmed cases and asymptomatic infected persons in COVID-19 before vaccination, COVID-19 vaccine is not recommended at present; Anyone who is not definitely infected with COVID-19 or has COVID-19 can be vaccinated if they meet the vaccination conditions.
27. Will our prevention and control measures be adjusted after vaccination?
For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it takes some time to produce protective antibodies. For people, COVID-19 is easy to spread without forming an immune barrier. Therefore, in order to prevent the COVID-19 epidemic from rebounding, we should adhere to other prevention and control measures at this stage, including wearing masks, keeping social distance, washing hands frequently, ventilation and other protective measures.
Twenty-eight, COVID-19 vaccine how to carry out the whole traceability work?
"Vaccine Management Law" requires the state to implement the whole-course electronic traceability system of vaccines. After the vaccine goes on the market, there must be accurate and standardized records in all aspects such as production, transportation, storage and transportation, and use. The information recorded in the whole process includes vaccine variety, vaccine manufacturer, dosage form, specification, batch number, expiration date and vaccination case information. The areas where information management is realized will be entered into the electronic information system in time, and the above information will be traced back to the whole process of vaccine circulation and use through electronic information system and other means.
Twenty-nine, before deciding whether to vaccinate COVID-19 vaccine, is it necessary to test antibodies?
The production of specific antibodies in human body is generally obtained through natural infection or vaccination. At present, it is not completely clear what level of antibody is needed to prevent COVID-19. It is suggested that anyone who meets the vaccination conditions can be vaccinated as long as they have not been infected with COVID-19 or COVID-19, and there is no need to test whether there are antibodies before vaccination.
30. Will COVID-19 vaccine need to be vaccinated every year like influenza vaccine?
Usually, factors such as pathogen, vaccine characteristics and recipient status will affect the vaccination effect. Influenza virus mutates rapidly, and the protection period of influenza vaccine is short, so it needs to be vaccinated every year. Although there has been some variation in COVID-19, according to the information published on the website of the World Health Organization, there is no evidence that the existing COVID-19 vaccine is ineffective in view of the variation in COVID-19 in Britain, South Africa and other countries. Whether COVID-19 vaccine will be vaccinated every year like influenza vaccine needs to continue to study the influence of virus variation on vaccination effect and the protection durability of the vaccine.
Health consultation of Chinese Center for Disease Control: 12320