1, Liu Zongyuan (773-819), with a thick word. Writers, philosophers and essayists in the Tang Dynasty, together with Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong, were called the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He was originally from Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi). Han nationality. He was born in Chang 'an, Kyoto (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) in 773. He advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty with Han Yu and called it Liu Han. Liu Yuxi also called it "Liu Liu". Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei also called it "Wang Meng". The world is called Liuhe East or Liuliuzhou.
Liu Zongyuan was born in an official family, with little talent and high aspirations. In his early years, he was a scholar in the exam, and his writings were mainly flowery rhetoric. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), he was a scholar, and in the fourteenth year, he entered the learned poetry class and was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall. He was a lieutenant in Lantian, then became an official in the DPRK, actively participated in the political reform of Wang Group, and was transferred to Danielle as foreign minister. Yong Zhenyuan (805) in September, the innovation failed, and Shaozhou was demoted as a secretariat. In November, he was demoted to Sima in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan). In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he returned to the capital in the spring and served as the secretariat of Liuzhou (hence the name Liuzhou), with outstanding achievements. Xian Zongyuan died in Liuzhou on the eighth day of November in the 14th year (819165438+1October 28th).
2 Li Shangyin
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In the Tang Dynasty, intellectuals who lacked family background all wanted to develop in their official career. There are two main entrances: imperial examination and shogunate. The former is considered as the qualification to enter the officialdom and the official recognition of its administrative ability; The latter is a political team cultivated by some powerful bureaucrats themselves. If they perform well, they can often become official officials of the court through the recommendation of these bureaucrats. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, many officials were qualified for the imperial examination and had experience as aides.
Li Shangyin was appreciated by Linghu Chu when he was young. He had the opportunity to learn Liu Siwen from him and naturally became Linghu Chu's assistant. However, it is precisely because of this experience that he has been entangled in the political whirlpool of the party struggle between Niu and Li all his life.
The dispute between Niu and Li originated from the imperial examination in the third year of Yuanhe (808). Li Jifu, then prime minister, attacked candidates Niu Senru and Li Zongmin because they severely criticized him in the examination paper. As a result, Li Jifu made enemies with Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin and others, and was later inherited by Li Deyu, the son of Ji Li Fu. The "Niu Party" led by Niu Senru and Li Zongmin and the "Li Party" led by Li Deyu attacked each other and fought endlessly for decades, which became a major political contradiction in the late Tang Dynasty.
Li Shangyin's former governor, Ling Huchu, belonged to the "Cattle Party". With his help, Li Shangyin entered the political arena. In the second year of Tang Wenzong (837), Linghu Mao, the son of Linghu Chu, helped Li Shangyin win the Jinshi. After Linghu Chu died, Li Shangyin became the adjutant of Wang Maoyuan, the envoy of Jingyuan, and was appreciated by him. He married his daughter. Wang Maoyuan made friends with Li Deyu and was regarded as a member of the Li Party. This marriage made him regarded as the middleman of Li Party by Niu Party. However, Li Shangyin himself may want to stay out of the party struggle between Niu and Li. His contacts include Niu and Li, and both of them are affirmed and criticized in his poems. However, it is obviously wishful thinking to remain neutral in political struggle. As a result, Li Shangyin didn't please both sides, which made the fox particularly hate him and thought he was ungrateful. Li Shangyin tried many times to remedy Hu Ling's high position, including writing some poems to Hu Ling (such as A Word to Secretary Hu Ling), hoping that he would look back, but Hu Ling always ignored him.
In this case, Li Shangyin's official career is obviously not smooth. He served in Tang Wenzong for four years (839) and Tang Wuzong Huichang for five years (845), but he was only a junior official for a short time. Li Shangyin also worked as a junior official in the grass-roots government (four to five years: Hongnong County Commandant; Two years-three years: lost), but also short and bumpy. He spent most of his life working under the protection of some foreign officials. In fact, whether the "Niu Party" or the "Li Party" is in power, Li Shangyin has never had a chance of promotion. His political career ended in the 12th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (856). At that time, he followed the transportation of salt and iron, making Liu Zhongying an official of salt and iron. When Liu was transferred to the Ministry of War, he immediately lost his job. He died soon after he returned to his hometown.
Widowed in his later years and frustrated in officialdom, he believed in Buddhism.
3 Su Shi
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In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 21-year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination in the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites, won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article "On Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment", but mistakenly won the second place among the top students in high school.
In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), Su Shi took the examination of secondary education in China, which is commonly known as the "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third grade, which is "the first in a hundred years". He appointed Dali as the judge of Fengxiang House in judicial affairs and signed a book. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity.
At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people. He disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After taking office, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case.
Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the national policy of not killing literati during the Mao period in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi escaped.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he led his family to cultivate a slope in the east of the city and helped make up for his livelihood through farming. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (1084), Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the high queen mother listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor by the Ministry of Rites in 1998. I was promoted to Mr. Sheren in the previous dynasty, and then to Mr. Sheren in Zhongshu three months later, so I was promoted to imperial academy.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou after a long absence 16 to serve as the prefect. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon, due to political disagreement, Yingzhou was released. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again and was demoted again. After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Zhou Shuan for permanent resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.