Psychological disorder refers to the abnormal psychological process and abnormal behavior pattern of various abnormal personality characteristics caused by physiological, psychological or social reasons. It is a person's inability to act in an appropriate way recognized by society, so that the consequences of his actions are not suitable for himself and society.
What is psychological disorder?
Clinically, the concept of "psychopathology" is often adopted, and a wide range of psychological abnormalities or behavioral abnormalities are collectively referred to as "psychological disorders" or abnormal behaviors. Of course, the word "behavior" here is broad, referring to all observable actions or activities, including almost all aspects of human function. The reason why the word "observable" is used is to make the research of psychology or behavior an objective scientific research. Generally speaking, "psychological disorder" has a more general definition, which means that it is impossible to act in a way that society thinks fit, so that the consequences of its behavior are not suitable for itself or society. This "inability" may be the result of organic injury or functional injury, or both. Summarized as follows
Mental disorder:
Identify the impairment of knowledge, feeling or behavioral function.
Personal pain:
This disease causes personal pain (not complete mania).
Atypical or not expected by culture:
Is not a typical feature of cultural behavior in this area.
Psychological disorder:
It is a psychological abnormal phenomenon caused by bad stimulation in a specific situation and time, which belongs to a temporary local abnormal state in normal psychological activities. It can include minor psychological problems, for example, when people encounter major setbacks or face major choices, they will show emotional anxiety, fear or depression, and some will show frustration after setbacks, sadness after the death of their loved ones, troubles caused by interpersonal tension, retreat, self-abandonment, or anger or even impulsive revenge. It is often excessive use of defense mechanisms to protect themselves, showing a series of maladaptive behaviors. It also includes serious mental disorders, such as various physical diseases and secondary mental disorders caused by various substances (addictive substances, certain drugs or poisons), as well as unexplained primary mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety and so on. Almost everyone may encounter psychological obstacles, such as emotional fluctuation and disorder caused by lovelorn, being alone, interpersonal conflict, loss of interest caused by a period of bad mood, disorder of life rules and even abnormal behavior, personality deviation and so on. And they all need to seek the help of a psychological counselor. In addition, psychological counseling is also applicable to neurosis, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorder, phobia, hypochondria and so on. It is also suitable for physiological and psychological disorders (that is, physical and mental diseases), psychological disorders caused by organic diseases of the nervous system and various mental development abnormalities.
[Edit this paragraph] Diagnose differences
How to distinguish whether there are obstacles in psychological activities? It is often difficult to correctly distinguish between normal and abnormal psychological activities. There are four reasons: (1), people's psychological activities are intangible and can only be inferred from their words and actions. (2) Psychological activities are influenced by many factors, such as environment, interpersonal relationship and social and cultural relationship, and so are speech and behavior. (3) There are great individual differences in psychological activities. (4) There is no clear boundary between normal and abnormal psychological activities. Therefore, only one aspect of psychological activity is abnormal, and it cannot be determined that it is a psychological disorder; The diagnosis of psychological disorders needs to reach a certain standard, and individuals feel pain or obviously affect their social interaction or professional function.
[Edit this paragraph] Judgment criteria
The following are common methods to judge whether there is psychological disorder:
(1), compare
There are two aspects of experience: one is the subjective experience of the individual and the other is the experience of the observer. Individuals can feel different from the past, such as feeling depressed, unhappy or depressed, feeling pain, and need to seek the help of a doctor. According to the observer's own experience, the patient's behavior is different from the past and can also be considered abnormal.
(2) Changes in the nature of psychological activities
If there are obvious qualitative changes in patients' psychological activities, such as hallucinations, delusions, obvious language barriers or behavioral abnormalities, it is suggested that they are psychological barriers.
(3) Social adaptation standards
In general, individual behavior can adapt to the environment and participate in the transformation of the environment; His behavior should conform to social norms and act according to social requirements and moral norms; Therefore. People's behavior is always in harmony with the environment. If an individual has social maladjustment, it reflects that his psychological activities may be abnormal.
(4), statistical standards
People have designed different psychometric techniques to measure different psychological characteristics. According to the comparison between the measurement results of individuals and the measurement results of normal people, normal and abnormal critical States can be distinguished, such as IQ: less than 70 is regarded as abnormal; 70 ~ 90 is the critical state; More than 90 is normal. In addition, some scales used in clinic are also designed with similar principles, and the results can be used for clinical reference.
[Edit this paragraph] Occurrence mechanism
The brain is an organ that receives, transmits and processes information. It can be compared to a very complex network system. It receives the information inside and outside the body (mainly outside) through the senses (that is, the five senses: hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch, the most important of which is hearing and sight), and sends out information through the moving organs. The information transmission and processing in the brain is mainly carried out by chemical synapses through transmitters to exchange information between neurons. People's psychological activities are closely related to the functions of these transmitters; Abnormal natural psychological activities are also closely related to these transmitters with different functions: monoamine neurotransmitters (acetylcholine -—Ach, norepinephrine -ne, serotonin, dopamine -da, etc. ) is closely related to the regulation of thinking and emotion, and the onset of schizophrenia and emotional disorders is related to this; For example: depression and serotonin, schizophrenia and dopamine. Epilepsy is related to inhibitory neurotransmitters such as γ -aminobutyric acid. Different from the views of psychological schools on the mechanism of psychological barriers (1), psychoanalysts believe that the primitive impulses, desires and instincts suppressed in the subconscious are the causes of psychological barriers, and especially emphasize the potential of sexual instinct (libido) and the important role played by sexual trauma experience in psychological barriers. According to this statement, when an adult's sexual instinct (ID) is not satisfied with psychological difficulties or sexual trauma, he will retreat to childhood (a psychological defense mechanism) and show it in the form of juvenile sexual desire, forming an exhibitionist. Voyeurism, sadism and other sexual perversions. Similarly, neurosis is a psychological disorder, which is manifested as a neurological symptom without sexual content, because the ego uses psychological defense mechanism to disguise sexual impulse to avoid the intervention of the superego. (2), behaviorism that any behavior of people is determined by the environment, are acquired. Similarly, "disease behavior" is determined and learned by the environment, so "disease behavior" can be treated through behavior correction. (3) Cognitive psychology holds that human behavior is mainly determined by cognitive activities, including perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge, with special emphasis on the role of subjective psychological awareness activities. "Disease behavior" comes from incorrect understanding; Therefore, we can treat "disease behavior" by correcting wrong cognition.
[Edit this paragraph] Initiating factors
Description of common factors:
(1), genetic factors
(2) Physiological and psychological factors
(3), trigger factors
1, psycho-social factors 2, infection, trauma and somatic diseases 3, different functional states of organisms. Examples of different schools of psychology' views on the mechanism of psychological disorders: (1) Psychoanalytic school thinks that primitive impulses, desires and instincts suppressed in the subconscious are the causes of psychological disorders, with special emphasis on the potential of sexual instinct (Ribido) and the important role played by sexual trauma experience in psychological disorders. According to this statement, when an adult's sexual instinct (ID) is not satisfied with psychological difficulties or sexual trauma, he will retreat to childhood (a psychological defense mechanism) and show it in the form of juvenile sexual desire, forming an exhibitionist. Voyeurism, sadism and other sexual perversions. Similarly, neurosis is a psychological disorder, which is manifested as a neurological symptom without sexual content, because the ego uses psychological defense mechanism to disguise sexual impulse to avoid the intervention of the superego. (2) Behaviorism holds that any behavior of human beings is determined by the environment and can be learned. Similarly, "disease behavior" is determined and learned by the environment, so "disease behavior" can be treated through behavior correction. (3) Cognitive psychology holds that human behavior is mainly determined by cognitive activities, including perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge, with special emphasis on the role of subjective psychological awareness activities. "Disease behavior" comes from incorrect understanding; Therefore, we can treat "disease behavior" by correcting wrong cognition.
[Edit this paragraph] Control strategy
(1) mental health prescription
People need moderate mental stress in life, work and study. But the tension that affects people's normal life, work and study; It is harmful to health. It is inevitable for anyone to encounter unfortunate events in life. Everyone can learn how to deal with stress and avoid excessive mental stress. The following six mental health prescriptions contain six effective methods. One: the method of spiritual victory. When your career, love and marriage are not satisfactory, when you are sad because you are not treated reasonably financially, when you are angry because of personal attacks or unfair evaluation, when you are unhappy because of physical defects, you might as well use the spirit of Ah Q to adjust your unbalanced psychology. Second, it is difficult to be confused. This is a protective film for the psychological environment from erosion. Be "confused" on some unprincipled issues, and treat all kinds of life tensions with a calm and peaceful attitude. Number three: Let it go. In life, everyone will encounter some unpleasant events, such as birth and death, natural disasters and man-made disasters. Treat life with a calm and carefree mood, and you will have a quiet and fresh spiritual world. Fourth: Humorous life method. When people are frustrated or in an awkward and tense situation, humor can be used to resolve difficulties and maintain psychological balance. Humor is the lubricant of interpersonal relationship, which makes a heavy mind open-minded and cheerful. Fifth: the method of releasing stagnation. Venting is a normal psychological and physiological need of people. When you are sad and depressed, you might as well talk to friends and relatives, or do a favorite sport, or go on a trip to change your mood. Sixth: the concept of music. When you feel anxious, depressed and nervous, you might as well try "psychological massage"-music meditation.
(2) Psychological counseling
The individual's stress response has changed with the passage of time and should be diluted and eliminated. Don't remember repeatedly, blame yourself for bad luck and let the pressure continue. If the person concerned can't do this, he should turn to a psychologist for effective medical help.
[Edit this paragraph] Health standards
(1), full of security. A sense of security requires multi-level environmental conditions, such as social environment, natural environment, work environment and family environment. Among them, the family environment has the most important influence on the sense of security. Home is a harbor to avoid the wind and waves, and you will feel safe with home. (2), fully understand yourself. It means being able to objectively analyze your own abilities and make appropriate judgments. Whether you can make an objective and correct judgment about your ability has a great influence on your mood. If you overestimate your ability and try to do things beyond your ability, you often can't get the expected results in your imagination, which will blow your spirit with failure; Low estimation of one's own ability, low self-evaluation and lack of self-confidence often lead to depression. (3) Realistic life goals. We should make life goals according to our own economic ability, family conditions and corresponding social environment. The formulation of life goals should not only conform to reality, but also leave room for it, and should not exceed the scope of one's own and one's family's economic ability. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, said: "Happiness is greater than worry, and wealth is greater than contentment." (4) Keep in touch with the external environment. On the one hand, you can enrich your spiritual life, on the other hand, you can adjust your behavior in time to better adapt to the environment. Keeping in touch with the external environment includes three aspects, namely, contact with nature, society and people. Old people retire at home, have too much free time and often have depression or anxiety. Today's activity centers, cultural activity stations and universities for the elderly provide conditions for the elderly to get in touch with the external environment. (5) Maintain the integrity and harmony of personality. Psychological characteristics such as ability, interest, personality and temperament in personality must be harmonious and unified in order to experience happiness and satisfaction in life. For example, a person is very capable, but he is not interested in the work he is engaged in, which is not suitable for his own personality, so he may not be able to experience success and satisfaction. On the contrary, if he is interested in his job, but his ability is poor, he will feel bored. (6) Have certain learning ability. In modern society, in order to adapt to the new way of life, we must keep learning. For example, if you don't learn computer, you won't feel the fun of surfing the Internet. If you don't learn new health concepts, you will still stay at the level of eating and wearing warm clothes. Learning can exercise the memory and thinking ability of the elderly and help prevent brain dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. (7) Maintain good interpersonal relationships. The formation of interpersonal relationship includes three psychological factors: cognition, emotion and behavior. Emotional connection is the main feature of interpersonal relationship. In interpersonal relationships, there are both positive and negative relationships, and the coordination of interpersonal relationships has a great influence on people's mental health. (8), can moderately express and control their emotions. Unhappy emotions must be released or vented, but don't vent too much, otherwise it will not only affect life, but also aggravate interpersonal conflicts. In addition, objective things are not the main factors that determine emotions. Emotions are produced by people's evaluation of things, and different evaluation results cause different emotional reactions. There is an old lady. Her eldest son basks in salt and her youngest son sells umbrellas. The old lady is always worried. On cloudy days, she worries about her eldest son; on sunny days, she worries about her youngest son. A psychiatrist said to the old lady, "You are so blessed. Your eldest son makes money on sunny days, and your youngest son makes money on rainy days. " As soon as the old lady feels reasonable, she is happy. (9) Give full play to your talents and hobbies. A person's talents and hobbies should be beneficial to himself, his family and society. Otherwise, you have to give full play to your talents and interests at the expense of others or groups, thus causing interpersonal disputes and adding unnecessary troubles. (10), under the premise of not violating social ethics, the basic needs of individuals are met to a certain extent. When personal needs can be met, there will be a sense of pleasure and happiness. However, people's needs are often endless. Under the legal and moral norms, it is the best choice to meet the appropriate needs of individuals.