However, among them, there is a city, from the fiery heat of that year to the present, which can only hold the last. Dalian has been highly anticipated by the whole country for a period of time, hoping to turn it into "Hong Kong in the North".
However, over the years, northern cities such as Zhengzhou and Xi have risen rapidly with policy support and their own efforts, while Dalian has been losing ground.
In 2020, Dalian's GDP will be just over 700 billion in the mainland, ranking 29th, with an annual growth rate of less than 1%. Although it will not decline, it will almost stand still. When Dalian gradually faded out of people's sight, people seemed to forget the century-old prosperity of the city.
As early as the end of 19, Dalian was strongly supported as a national key industrial base. Dalian is located in the south of Liaodong Peninsula. Dalian is one of the only ice-free ports in China because of its special terrain with high center and low periphery, which provides a natural barrier to resist the cold wave along the coast of Dalian.
With the rise of Westernization Movement, Dalian, as a military base in Northeast China, has received great attention. However, the Qing government was weak and failed to hold this battlefield.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia forcibly leased land in Dalian and its vicinity. When their field team came to this place, they were shocked by the advantages here.
So Russia invested a lot of manpower and material resources in this land and turned it into the embryonic form of the city. However, in the subsequent Russo-Japanese War, Russia was defeated and evacuated, and Japan occupied the region.
Japan also attaches great importance to Dalian and spares no effort to improve its urban development. At that time, two powerful imperialist countries invariably turned their eyes to this land. What is the reason?
For Japan and Russia at that time, the main purpose of occupying Dalian was to facilitate the invasion of China.
Dalian enjoys a superior geographical position. If you choose this place as the gateway, it is equivalent to controlling the entire Bohai coast. With the help of Dalian and Lushun, both military transportation and commercial operation can be unimpeded.
Behind Dalian, the northeast region of China, which is rich in mineral resources and abundant in manpower, radiates. To build a railway in the northeast, relying on the policy of Dalian Freeport, forced China's labor force to exploit China's resources for the needs of the country, and made a good abacus!
Guangzhou is too far away, and Shanghai and Hong Kong are occupied by Britain, America and other countries. Therefore, when Japan was the main imperialist force invading China, Dalian was far superior to Guangzhou and Shanghai.
Before the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the throughput of Dalian Port accounted for more than one-fifth of the national ports. Japan spared no effort to operate here, provided sufficient accumulation to meet the capital expansion, and objectively promoted the development of Dalian's industry and transportation industry.
Until the war of liberation, China's * * * production party successfully liberated Dalian and set up a brigade office in the local area. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, the administrative office of Lvda was reorganized into a municipality directly under the Central Government. At this time, relying on the accumulated railway network, developed ports and land transportation lines, Dalian has become a transportation hub.
Dalian has been given priority by the central government after the reform and opening up because it operates steel, shipbuilding, locomotives and other industries and has a good foundation in heavy industry. In 1980s, Dalian was formally established and started to work as a national key industrial base.
In addition to the advantages of transportation, geographical location and industrial base at that time, Dalian also benefited from the spring breeze of reform and opening up, and a large number of northeast laborers poured in.
As the first national development zone in China, Dalian enjoyed the policy dividends at that time, including but not limited to freedom of import and export, no need to pay provincial taxes, and introduced key foreign investment places. By the end of 1980s, Dalian's economy had developed into the top ten cities in China.
However, as the largest port in the north at that time, Dalian's GDP in the early 1990s was only about a quarter of that of Hong Kong. Although there are many objective conditions between the two, resulting in a great gap between Dalian and Hong Kong, domestic public opinion is still biased towards Dalian.
In this regard, the Dalian Municipal Government directly stated that "Dalian will be built into Hong Kong in the north within 20 years." Subsequently, Dalian formulated a series of development plans, hoping to build Dalian from a single heavy industry base into a comprehensive city with equal emphasis on secondary and tertiary industries.
From the industrial base and natural advantages at that time, there was not much difference between Dalian and Hong Kong, so Dalian planned to promote the local financial, commercial and information technology industries and make it a hexagonal city with all-round development.
This grand idea stirred up a thousand waves at that time, and many experts were positive about these plans in Dalian, so most people were looking forward to seeing Dalian take off again.
However, with the construction of market economy system and the rise of network information industry, Dalian missed the opportunity step by step, gradually stagnated and was surpassed by many cities in the south. Now, the "20 years" of Dalian's city establishment has long passed, and Dalian has not gone any further, but lost its advantage in the increasingly fierce competition and was eliminated.
Why did Dalian, which accumulated such a great advantage, lose ground in the next 30 years, and almost fell out of the top 30 from the top 10 cities in China?
First of all, the most serious problem in Dalian is to miss the opportunity of industrial transfer and upgrading. In the era of heavy industry, relying on the labor force advantage in Northeast China, Dalian ranks among the best in steel and oil production in China. But it is followed by the development of information industry and the rise of information industry cluster cities.
With the establishment of free trade zones in Guangzhou, Xiamen, Zhuhai and other cities, there has been a trend of talents flowing from north to south all over the country, and the south has absorbed a large number of high-level talents at once.
The brain drain in Dalian is not unreasonable. Compared with Dalian at that time, the policies in the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta were open, cities were livable, incomes were higher, and living and working conditions were better. Although Dalian has a heavy industry foundation as a means to attract talents, it is not attractive enough for knowledge-based talents.
The brain drain made it difficult for Dalian to gather strength to complete the planning for a long time, and the transformation of the city was forced to run aground. On the other hand, Shenzhen, which rose in the same period, absorbed a large number of high-tech industries and gave birth to private leading enterprises such as Tencent and Ali, which developed in full swing.
After that, Shenzhen completed the task of surpassing Hong Kong in just a few years, and emerging science and technology cities such as Hangzhou and Chengdu also absorbed a large number of talents and completed the alternation of old and new. However, Dalian is still standing still and changing. In the modern era of rapid economic development and scientific and technological progress, every day's stagnation means huge losses.
In addition, the geographical conditions of Dalian itself also limit its expansion and development. Dalian, located in the corner of Liaodong Peninsula, is a long, narrow and broken land.
The original industrial base occupied too much basic land, and the new enterprise had no foothold at all. Even if some new areas are developed for their use, the traffic problem has become a big obstacle.
Dalian Airport was built earlier, so now it has become a "city airport", which has a great impact on the surrounding life. It is difficult for Dalian to take out the land of the mobile airport, and it is impossible to rely solely on reclamation.
A clever woman can't cook without rice, and no matter how clever the plan is, it will look pale and powerless in the face of the embarrassing situation where there is no land to use and no place to move.
Dalian has no hinterland to rely on, nor does it provide development radiation for its neighbors. In the wave of modern urban construction with increasingly strong connectivity, it is like a lonely walker.
Finally, after making the plan of urban transformation, Dalian will pay a little attention to it, which will lead to the tossing and turning of urban positioning and make it difficult to find a real foothold and power point.
In order to achieve the goal of revitalizing the tertiary industry, Dalian's urban infrastructure expenditure once reached one-third of GDP in the late 1990s, which was twice the national average at that time. Such exaggerated investment had little effect, which led to Dalian being surpassed by Qingdao at the beginning of 2 1 century.
The constant difficulties in urban construction have not stopped Dalian. In order to build an international city in the new era, Dalian is committed to developing an environment-friendly and scenic city. However, Dalian's inherent heavy industry foundation and geographical restrictions that limit its skills have made little progress in this regard.
In order to achieve its inherent goal, Dalian even forcibly moved some heavily polluted heavy industries out of the urban area, but at this time it has missed the best opportunity to attract high-tech industries, so a large number of new development areas with beautiful environment have been left idle.
After the failure of this series of combination boxing, Dalian finally realized and formulated the development route of returning to heavy industry. In addition to the inherent petrochemical manufacturing base and shipbuilding industry base, Dalian has also introduced modern equipment manufacturing base and information technology industry manufacturing base.
As a result, some traditional heavy industries that were originally thought to have been abandoned were treated earth-shaking overnight, moved into new industrial parks and gained more policy support.
At least from all aspects, this move still has many merits, at least much better than the previous "confusing operation".
The heavy industry production of the brand-new environmental protection industrial cluster is relatively more friendly than before. Therefore, this transformation and return is indeed the right move in essence.
After decades of confusion, Dalian may have found a potential development point and is about to usher in a new round of revival. But in these respects, there are not many competitors in the international market at present. From a more recent point of view, South Korea and Japan's shipbuilding industry and tertiary industry will be competitors of Dalian.
How can Dalian cope with the increasingly fierce competition in order to reproduce the past scenery and turn around Gankun? I think we can focus on the following points.
First, build internationally competitive brands and improve the quality and technological content of manufacturing products. In short, Dalian's previous disadvantage was that Handan was a toddler. Thinking about the way out repeatedly in confusion, I don't know that inspiration is around.
Dalian's heavy industry is precipitated by a century-old industrial base. In the new era, heavy industry is not abandoned by the times, but somewhat divorced from the times. Therefore, it is much better to promote the combination of information technology industry and heavy industry than to abandon heavy industry and transform information industry.
Introduce automatic manufacturing technology, create artificial intelligence products, and carry out a technical transformation of the original products. It will take a long time and a lot of investment, but this initiative combines local characteristics and professional knowledge and is expected to be realized.
Second, expand the efforts to introduce talents and retain local talents, so as to realize the "open source and reduce expenditure" of talents. Dalian is home to Dalian University of Technology and other internationally renowned universities. Unfortunately, Dalian's development potential and current situation have led local top talents to choose to leave.
Referring to Zhengzhou's talent introduction policy, we should increase economic subsidies to retain local talents and give more preferential treatment in employment and housing. These generous material subsidies are the sincerity to retain talents.
In addition, rationally plan the future industries and boldly plan the places where high-quality talents can be used, so that the industrial layout is both down-to-earth and full of ambition, and talents are encouraged to develop together with Dalian.
Third, change the situation of relying heavily on foreign trade in the past and realize the transformation from foreign capital to independent development. Dalian used to rely on the advantages of the free trade zone to attract a lot of foreign trade investment. When the special economic zones are gradually established, Dalian's advantages in this respect are somewhat weak.
Especially in 10, when Dalian was preparing for industrial transformation, it gave up the original convenient foreign trade policy, making some enterprises that had originally conducted foreign trade transactions in Dalian have to give up Dalian's superior geographical position and choose other places.
Japan's serious bubble economy triggered the lost twenty years; Brazil, separated from the real economy, has changed from the initial hope of South America to the second-rate. This shows how important an independent economic structure is.
Dalian should relax its foreign trade policy, attract foreign investment, make full use of foreign trade dividends, retain local high-end enterprises, and complete the butterfly change from umbilical cord support to independent foraging.
The world pattern is like an undercurrent, and countless people witness the rise and fall of different cities every day. Dalian lost its way for a while, but on the cloudy road ahead, there was a faint sunshine leaking from the sky.
Several economic mistakes can't bring down this city that has witnessed vicissitudes for a hundred years. The future of Dalian will be like a trimmed 10,000-ton ship, and it will sail to the international front again.