Composed of various forms of substances, it is constantly moving and developing.
2 classification of celestial bodies
Nebulae, stars, planets, satellites, comets, meteoroids, interstellar matter.
3 the cause of the celestial system
Celestial bodies attract each other and surround each other to form a celestial system.
Four levels of celestial system
Earth-Moon System-Solar System-Galaxies (Extragalactic Galaxies)-General Galaxies
The average distance in five days is 6.5438+49.6 million kilometers.
The positions of the eight stars in the solar system: water, earth, fire (small), earth and sky.
Seven or eight planets are classified according to their structural characteristics.
Earth-like planets (water, gold, fire), giant planets (wood), distant planets (sky and ocean)
Eight reasons for the emergence and evolution of life on earth
Lighting conditions, stable cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, liquid water.
The main components of the sun are hydrogen and helium.
10 solar radiation energy source nuclear fusion reaction
1 1 the influence of solar radiation on the earth and human beings
The power to maintain surface temperature, water cycle, atmospheric movement, etc. , is the main energy of mankind.
12 Solar active sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest).
13 solar energy distribution in China Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (highest) and Sichuan Basin (lowest).
14 solar external structure and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).
The change period of 15 sunspot is 1 1 year.
16 the influence of solar activity on the earth ① influences the climate ② influences short-wave communication ③ produces magnetic storms.
17 the beginning of the space exploration phase 1957 10 the first artificial earth satellite of the former Soviet union was launched.
18 the beginning of the space development phase 198 1 the first space shuttle test was successful.
19 history of China's space industry 1970 "Dongfanghong-1" and 1999 "Shenzhou" manned space test spacecraft.
Classification of natural resources in the universe: space resources (high vacuum, strong radiation and weightlessness), solar energy resources and mineral resources.
2 1 Protect the cosmic environment, remove space junk and strengthen international cooperation.
The average radius of the earth is 637 1 km.
The equatorial circumference of the earth is 40 thousand kilometers.
Latitude and latitude, low latitude, middle latitude and high latitude.
A line connecting things. Every 1 latitude is11.1km; 0-30、30-60、60-90。
A line connecting north and south by longitude and latitude. Two opposite warp yarns form a warp yarn loop.
26 west longitude 20 east longitude160 longitude coil division of the eastern and western hemispheres.
The northern and southern hemispheres are bounded by the equator, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south.
The Tropic of Cancer and the 28 parallel of the South Arctic Circle are 23 26 ′ and 66 34 ′.
29 prime meridian 0 meridian, passing through the original site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.
The judgment of the north-south direction is limited, with the North Pole as the northernmost and the South Pole as the southernmost.
3 1 The judgment of the east-west direction is infinite, with the rotation direction being east and the reverse rotation direction being west.
The judgment of east-west longitude increases in the direction of rotation and decreases in the direction of west longitude.
The judgment degree of north and south latitude is increased to north latitude and south latitude.
The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.
35 sidereal day, the period of the earth's rotation, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds (real period); Sunny day, 24 hours.
The speed of the earth's rotation, angular velocity (per hour 15), linear velocity (decreasing from equator to poles)
37 the orbit of the earth's revolution elliptical orbit. Early January (perihelion) and early July (apohelion).
The direction of the revolution of the earth is from west to east. Seen from the north pole of the earth, it rotates counterclockwise.
Period of revolution sidereal year (365 days 6: 9: 10 second) and tropic year (365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds).
The revolution speed of the earth is fast at perihelion and slow at apohelion.
4 1 The included angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane is currently 23 26'.
The motion law of the direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the tropic of cancer with a period of one year.
The judgment of terminator line is along the direction of rotation, the transition from night to day is morning line, and from day to night is dark line.
The calculation of local time is increased by 4 minutes every eastward 1.
Find the number of time zones from the known longitude, divide it by 15, and then round it off.
Every time you move 1 time zone eastward, the calculation of time zone 46 will increase by 1 hour.
Dongba District (local time 120) is the standard time in Beijing time.
Universal time is based on prime meridian time.
49 International international date line 180 Longitude (theoretically), not through land (practically).
Geographical significance of the earth's rotation: alternation of day and night, time in different places, deviation of horizontally moving objects (north, right, south, left)
5 1 The judgment of the direct sun point is perpendicular to the tangent direction of this point, and the local time is 12.
At the vernal equinox (2 1 March), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and its termination line coincides with the meridian.
During the summer solstice (June 22nd), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of cancer, and the included angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.
In vernal equinox (September 23rd), the direct point of the sun is on the equator, and the termination line coincides with the meridian.
On the winter solstice (65438+February 22), the direct point of the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn, and the angle between the terminal line and the meridian is the largest.
56 Concept from March 2 1 to September 23 in summer half year (Northern Hemisphere)
57 The concept of 2 1 from September 23rd to March in winter half year (Northern Hemisphere)
Interpretation of the profile of the earth: up north, down south, left west, right east.
Interpretation of the top view of the earth rotates counterclockwise, with the north pole as the center; Rotate clockwise, and the center is the South Pole.
The calculation of day and night length is based on the length of solar arc, and every 15 degrees is 1 hour.
The calculation of 6 1 sunrise and sunset time is based on the length of a day, around the standard sunrise (6 o'clock) and standard sunset (18 o'clock).
62 judgment of the length of day and night The longer the day in the north in summer, the longer the day in winter and the longer the day in Vietnam.
63 Calculation of noon sun height H = 90-(latitude interval between direct point and search point)
Astronomical Four Seasons The season with the longest day and the highest sun in a year is summer.
Beginning of spring (February 4th), Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter are the starting points for dividing the traditional four seasons in China.
The traditional four seasons in Europe and America begin with vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and winter solstice.
Spring rain in the twenty-four solar terms shocks spring, clear valley, full mountain in summer, hot summer and even autumn, autumn dew, winter frost, winter snow and slight cold.
Name and scope of five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.
The geographical significance of the earth's revolution is the change of the height of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, and the change of seasons.
The significance of the atmosphere to the earth protects the survival of living things, affects the natural environment of the earth and maintains life activities.
7 1 The composition of the lower atmosphere includes dry and clean air, water vapor and solid impurities.
The components of dry clean air are nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.
The role of oxygen, nitrogen, ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust
Life activities; Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain.
The "greenhouse effect" of air pollution carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer.
The atmosphere is vertically divided into troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere).
The main characteristics of the troposphere are cold in the upper part and hot in the lower part, with obvious convection and complicated weather phenomena. Have the closest relationship with human beings
The main characteristic of stratospheric ozone is to absorb ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,