(A) Science Park model
Science and technology park refers to the phenomenon that a large number of enterprises with close industrial ties and related supporting institutions gather in a specific field and form a strong and sustainable competitive advantage. As an economic and social phenomenon combining science, education and industry, Science Park originated from Stanford Research Park in the United States and Novosibirsk Science City in the Soviet Union in 1950s. Later, as a gathering place for universities and scientific research institutions to develop high-tech industries and transform scientific research results, relying on the development of intellectual resources, it has had a strong impact on world economic and social development, and has been valued and supported by governments of various countries. The United States has successfully established many science and technology parks, which has accelerated the transformation of American scientific and technological achievements and is ahead of the world. 195 1 year, the world-famous silicon valley was established. Silicon Valley is a high-tech intensive area centered on Stanford University, which has nurtured a world-famous modern science and technology culture. The establishment of science and technology parks has become an incubator for talents, providing technology, information and financial guarantee for those who are committed to starting businesses. On the one hand, support the establishment of various high-tech development companies in colleges and universities to accelerate the transformation of scientific research achievements in colleges and universities into industries; On the other hand, enterprises are encouraged to conduct research on scientific research projects that have application prospects and can develop high-tech products in a short time. This innovation center is generally funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States. The innovation center supports these high-tech companies in various ways, aiming at helping high-tech companies to industrialize their scientific research achievements as soon as possible (Zheng Liwen, Feng Yingjuan, 2003).
In the exploration of the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, western developed countries are committed to the establishment of science park facilities and the improvement of various rules and regulations, injecting catalysts into the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. According to the scale and maturity of enterprises, science parks in Britain enter innovation parks, science parks and enterprise parks in turn. Most of these enterprises rely on first-class universities to form industrial clusters or clusters. The enterprises in the cluster are not competing with each other, but a new enterprise survival mode of interdependence, mutual survival and mutual promotion. Except for a few science parks such as Stanford Research Park and Cambridge Science Park, which are established on the basis of universities with strong comprehensive research ability, most science parks are jointly composed of several universities and scientific research institutions, and their high-tech development ability is improved through agglomeration effect. For example, the Science City in France is home to 60% universities and 43% scientific research institutions in France, with more than 30,000 researchers and more than 8,000 high-tech companies (Li Zhengfeng, Xiong Chao, 2002). In order to create a cluster effect, the Japanese government funded the establishment of cooperative research sites throughout the country, such as Tsukuba University Science City, Kansai Science City, Yokohama High-tech Park and Kyushu Seven Counties High-tech Park (Xu Pengjie, 20 10). In addition, Germany also attaches great importance to building high-tech parks and promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Since 1983, the German government has formulated a promotion plan for new technology start-ups and created more than 80 high-tech science parks integrating technology, industry, trade and finance, which greatly promoted the development of the German economy (Wan, 2006).
The establishment of Science City and High-tech Park not only cultivated and accumulated a large number of new scientific and technological talents and promoted the reform of university teaching mode, but also promoted the intensive and rapid research and development of new technologies, new industries and new products. The planning of science parks is generally undertaken by the state, local governments, national and local joint governments or qualified universities. There are various sources of funds for the construction of the Science Park, including government grants, industrial subsidies, private fund-raising, venture capital and foreign investment. In the process of building science parks, many countries attach great importance to adopting various preferential policies for science parks by formulating special or related laws and regulations, such as real estate rental and sales, equipment depreciation, tax incentives, loan incentives, and foreign investment incentives. Some countries provide investors with a series of technical services, consultation and administrative assistance.
Scientific research institutions run their own companies.
Scientific and technological achievements and industrialization still have a long way to go. Only by transferring them to enterprises or using technology to establish new technology enterprises, technological achievements may not be transformed smoothly. To this end, many foreign scientific research institutions, especially universities, have set up their own companies to actively promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. In the United States, many university researchers leave school to set up their own companies, develop their own scientific research achievements, and rely on various favorable conditions of existing companies to realize the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, which is the so-called "firm academic spin." Therefore, the corporate activities of American universities are often individual entrepreneurial activities, and there are not many school-run technology enterprises. In addition, the American government takes a very open attitude towards the financial operation of universities, and some famous schools have huge property and funds. The annual return rate of Harvard University's assets is as high as 20% or more, among which the return rate of domestic shares, which accounts for13 of the fund, is 38.5%; Yale University also set up a special commercial organization to promote research results, which alone earned 40 million dollars (Li Zhengfeng, Xiong Chao, 2002).
In Germany, universities support and help teachers and students to start companies. The Technology Transfer Office of Berlin University of Technology often holds training courses to teach students their own experience as a boss, necessary knowledge and legal procedures. Universities support graduates who are willing to start their own companies, and can provide students with housing, equipment, equipment and other preferential conditions within two years. Professors can give advice at the beginning of their company's opening. Bavaria's laws and regulations to promote the establishment of new companies stipulate that university teachers and students can have 65,438+0/2 time to do the company's work when starting a new company, the salary can be provided by the university, and the company can use the university's equipment for free for half a year (Chi, 2005).
In Australia, 34 of the 36 public universities in China have their own companies, selling various research results or increasing their income through training at home and abroad. 1996, the total income of about 50 commercial entities operated by Australian universities exceeded 280 million Australian dollars, and the income of 1997 was twice that of the previous three years.
(C) the intermediary bridge model
Intermediary bridging mode is to use specialized intermediary organizations to help scientific research units transform their scientific and technological achievements into industries. The British teaching company is an intermediary organization jointly established by the British Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of Environment and the Science and Engineering Research Council. Its purpose is to help universities establish partnerships with enterprises. At present, the organization has established scientific research links with nearly 100 universities. Nearly half of the universities in Britain also have multidisciplinary research centers to promote the cooperative relationship between universities and enterprises in research, development, technology transfer and training. For example, 1973 established the wolfson Industrial Liaison Office in Cambridge University to coordinate and help departments and individuals to establish cooperative relations with industry, and many high-tech enterprises emerged. The United States and Germany are no exception. Most universities in the United States have technology transfer institutions as a bridge for technology transfer from universities to industry. German intermediary service agencies play an important role in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, helping small and medium-sized enterprises in various industries to carry out R&D activities and promoting the application of research results to practice as soon as possible. Japan also established the first high-tech incubator joint-stock company in 1998, with a registered capital of100000 yen, all of which were funded by the teachers of the University of Tokyo. In addition, Japan has set up "research cooperation offices" in many national universities to engage in cooperation with society (Li Zhengfeng, Xiong Chao, 2002).
(D) Industry-University-Research cooperation model
The cooperation between scientific research institutes and enterprises is the internal need of scientific research to adapt to social and economic development, and it is also the "power" to promote social and economic development. Countries have their own characteristics in the practice of cooperation between scientific research institutes and enterprises. There are two ways of cooperation: cooperative research and entrusted research. Most scientific research institutions in Britain and the United States have established extensive contacts with the business community by jointly hiring professors and researchers, funding research and development projects, and providing services to each other. In Britain, universities receive financial support from enterprises to develop and apply scientific research results and promote the transformation of scientific research results into economic circles. There are four ways of cooperative research in the United States: ① A single industrial enterprise provides funds for university research projects, and industrial enterprises have the right to conduct research and development on the basis of university research. (2) The company provided funds for the university research plan, and conducted joint research, and * * * achieved results. (3) Industry-University-Research Joint Laboratory, laboratory * * *. ④ Cooperative research in Industry-University-Research. Since 1970s, the National Science Foundation of the United States has established university-industry cooperation research centers in many universities. In order to strengthen the research and development in interdisciplinary and high-tech fields, it also established the Engineering Research Center (ERC) in universities in 1980s. This kind of research center takes enterprises as the main body, and enterprises put forward project requirements, carry out industrial technology research, and obtain government research funding support. For example, 1980, the polymer research center of the University of Manchester was jointly established by the University of Manchester and 14 large enterprises, which provided more than 50% of the funds needed by the center. Nowadays, the cooperative research center in the United States has become a decisive factor in the development of scientific research system after the Second World War and plays a leading role in the development of "big science" projects.
In Japan, cooperative research is called * * * cooperative research system, which is a joint research conducted by researchers from universities and private enterprises on the basis of reciprocity with funds provided by enterprises. For example, Hitachi, NEC, Fujitsu and the University of Tokyo cooperate to develop integrated circuits and central computing equipment. Entrust research of enterprises is called entrusted research system in Japan. Researchers in national universities accept research projects entrusted by private enterprises, and use the funds provided by enterprises to conduct research without hindering their teaching and research.
Similar cooperation also exists in Germany, where universities accept scientific research tasks of enterprises and conduct "contract research" with enterprises to serve the production needs of enterprises. For example, the Machine Tool Research Institute of Shen Ya University of Technology can get 1/3 research funds from the industrial sector every year.
(E) Trinity model of "politics-production-research"
Due to the different nature and tasks, the content and emphasis of officials (national scientific research institutions), production (enterprises) and research (scientific research units) are also different. The disadvantage of this division of scientific and technological forces is that they are fragmented and isolated from each other, which is especially unfavorable to major national scientific research projects. In this regard, some developed countries have promoted cooperation in three aspects to give full play to their respective advantages and form the best joint research team. For example, the Fraunhofer Association is an "official Industry-University-Research" integrated organization formed on the basis of the integration of government agencies, scientific research organizations and enterprise groups. The association's funds come from the federal government, the state government and the business community, each of which bears 1/3. Mainly engaged in theory, application and development research, and 60% of industrial research projects are entrusted to small and medium-sized enterprises. The research achievements of this association have played an important role in modern life (Yang Ping, 20 10).
Japan's "government-industry-research" trinity is a trinity system with government scientific research institutions as the leading factor, enterprises' scientific research strength as the main body and universities as participants. The Japanese government encourages and guides the integration of Industry-University-Research and actively adopts supporting policies and measures to build a bridge between the owners of scientific research achievements and enterprises interested in technology development. On the basis of technical experts' guidance and consultation, we extensively collect scientific and technological achievements with research and development value, recommend them to enterprises, and assist in development. In order to promote collaborative research between scientific research institutes and enterprises, since 1987, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan has first set up a "cooperative research center" in national universities to provide a fixed place and necessary research conditions for cooperation between industry and universities. It can be said that Japan's trinity of "official, production and research" not only promoted the improvement of Japan's scientific and technological level, shortened the time from scientific research achievements to product development, but also trained a group of new technical talents.
In the United States, some high-tech, cutting-edge technology projects are difficult, costly and risky, which are beyond the capacity of individual enterprises or even large companies. Influenced by the Apollo program and the European space program, R&D groups jointly established by several large American companies and related universities and government research institutions came into being, which effectively promoted the cooperation among enterprises, universities, research institutions, governments and intermediary organizations. The National Laboratory established the "New Technology Transfer Consortium" in 1974, with more than 300 national laboratories, several government departments and some industrial enterprises. Its main task is to help the industry find suitable R&D partners, establish demonstration projects and accelerate the commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements through information exchange (Ni, 1996).
In addition to the above-mentioned cooperation modes, some countries also make full use of foreign superior resources to carry out international scientific and technological cooperation and improve the efficiency of scientific and technological achievements transformation. The United States has carried out extensive international scientific and technological cooperation through intergovernmental cooperation, non-governmental scientific and technological cooperation, the establishment of joint laboratories, R&D centers and the funding of international foundations or non-governmental organizations. Japan has also established international exchanges and cooperation with Sweden, Cambridge University, Glasgow University and Nottingham University, and * * * carried out cutting-edge scientific research in the field of electronics.