Scientific breeding of black-bone chicken
Black-bone chicken is commonly known as black-footed chicken and black-bone chicken, including white-haired black-bone chicken, black-haired black-bone chicken, silky-haired black-bone chicken and yellow-haired black-bone chicken. The whole flesh and blood is black, the meat is white and the bones are black. Real black-bone chicken, from chicken skin to chicken bone, is black, because the cells of black-bone chicken contain a black pigment called melanin. Some scholars believe that this pigment can enhance immunity and are conducting in-depth research on it. At present, raising black-bone chicken by many farmers has become a shortcut to increase income.
In terms of nutritional value, the nutrition of black-bone chicken is much higher than that of ordinary chicken. Its serum total protein and gamma globulin are higher than those of ordinary broilers. Black-bone chicken powder contains 18 amino acids after hydrolysis, including 8 essential amino acids, of which 10 is higher than that of ordinary broilers. Black-bone chicken contains vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B 12, vitamin C and vitamin E, among which the content of vitamin E is 2.6 times that of ordinary broilers, and the content of carotene and vitamin C is higher than that of ordinary broilers. In addition, black-bone chicken also contains a variety of trace elements and macro elements, such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, chlorine, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper and so on. No wonder people call black-bone chicken "black-hearted baby".
The difference between black-bone chicken and white-haired black-bone chicken is two kinds of resources, and the nutritional function is evaluated respectively. It is pointed out that the content of protein, lysine, fat and melanin in meat, blood, claws and hair of black-bone chicken is significantly higher than that of white-haired black-bone chicken, which has great development prospects. It is suggested that relevant enterprises should select the best and develop a series of foods by using black-bone chicken resources. At the same time, seven kinds of black-bone chickens were found. Black-bone chicken has strong adaptability, rough feeding resistance and can be raised everywhere.
2. The rooster weighs 1.3 ~ 1.8kg, and the hen weighs 1.0 ~ 1.6kg, laying about 140 eggs every year.
3. Nursery stock approach preparation
(1) Selection and disinfection of chicken coops
Chicken house construction. The henhouse should be built on the sunny flat in the center of the stocking area. Building materials can be adapted to local conditions, such as wood, bamboo, plastic, linoleum, canvas, straw curtains and so on. Build a simple chicken coop facing south, preferably in the shape of a pyramid or shed, with the door facing south. The edge of the henhouse is1.5-2m high, and the roof is 2-2.5m high. The ground is leveled, compacted and paved. The henhouse requires heat preservation, windproof, no rain leakage and no water accumulation. The henhouse can accommodate about 8- 10 chickens per square meter. At the same time, a playground is set up outside the henhouse, which is more than twice the area of the henhouse. It is required to plant trees, build a rest shed, and prevent sun and rain; Install sinks and drinking fountains.
Remove all foreign objects in the henhouse, including chicken manure, padding, water tank, trough, brooding net, etc. Clean the floor and walls, replace the cushion soil, then close the doors and windows, fumigate and disinfect, mix 30 ml formalin and 15 g potassium permanganate per square meter, seal for 24 hours and then turn on the ventilation.
(2) Selection of feeding mode: All-in and All-out feeding mode. Planar free-range, filling in the middle 1 time. According to the housing area, determine the amount of breeding, all in and all out (or sold out in a short time), and the sales are mainly wholesale. Disinfect after sale, and put it in the air before the next batch of feeding 1 week.
Feed separately and in stages. Use two or more independent sheds, 1 for brooding and 1 for growth. 1 batch breeding, all in and all out (or sold out in a short time), sales are mainly wholesale. After sold out, disinfect the empty pens for about 1 week, and then raise the next batch.
Retail-oriented separation and staged feeding. Use three or more relatively independent rooms, which are divided into brooding room, early growth room and late growth room, with the area ratio of 1:2:4. After brooding for 25-30 days, the brooding is transferred to the early growth shed, and after the brooding is transferred, the empty fence is disinfected for more than 1 week, and then the brooding is carried out; After 30 days of early feeding, it was transferred to the later growth house, and the empty column was disinfected about 1 week after transfer, and it was recycled. In 20 days, chickens will be on the market, mainly for retail. The weight of each feather sold should be above 1kg, and it will be sold out in about 10 days. After 20 days, the whole chicken that does not reach the sales weight will be discarded in the empty column for disinfection in preparation for transfer. In this way, the batch feeding amount is 20 times of the average daily sales.
4. brooding and feeding
The brooding period (0-8 weeks) is the key stage of the whole feeding management. The survival rate, growth speed and physique of chicks directly affect the economic benefits. You must master the following points.
(1) Selection of chicks: At present, there are Xuefeng Black-bone Chicken, Jiangshan White Black-bone Chicken, Sichuan Mountain Black-bone Chicken, Taihe Black-bone Chicken and Jinyang Black-bone Chicken. Suitable varieties can be selected according to local consumption habits.
Healthy chicks have uniform size, glossy villi, big eyes, good absorption of yolk, flat umbilical ring, no bloodshot, lively and active, loud cry, elastic hands, strong struggle, clean anus and no fecal adhesion.
(2) Temperature and humidity of brooding: Black-bone chicken is small and needs high temperature. 1-4 days old should be at 36-37℃, 5-8 days old should be at 34-35℃, and then the temperature should be reduced by 2℃ every week, and it should be kept at 23-25℃ after 5 weeks. While keeping the room temperature, pay attention to ventilation, keep the indoor air fresh, and avoid the occurrence of respiratory diseases.
The relative humidity in the brooding room is about 65% at 1 week, and then it is about 55%, so it is appropriate for people to feel damp and hot instead of dry. If the humidity is low, spray water with a sprayer; When the humidity is high, ventilation and temperature rise should be strengthened.
(3) Drink water and cut materials in time: Chickens should drink warm water in time after resting for 65,438+0-2 hours after entering the house, and the appropriate temperature is about 20℃. Add 50g glucose and 1 g rehydration salt to 1 l water, and then drink 0.0 1% potassium permanganate water1time. Eat and feed after drinking enough water 6-7 times a day. Use half-cooked broken rice first, and then use chicken ingredients. The feeding amount should be finished in about 20 minutes. After 2-4 weeks of age, it was changed to a feeding trough, and feeding was based on the principle of less feeding and more feeding until it was 80% full. Feed 1 week 6 ~ 7 times a day, and feed 5 ~ 6 times a day after 1 week, and the feeding times gradually decrease with the shortening of light time. You can make your own chicken feed, and the formula is: corn 55%, sorghum 5%, wheat bran 4%, barley 5%, fish meal 9%, soybean meal 16%, Sophora japonica leaf powder 3%, bone meal 2.5%, salt 0.37%, multivitamins 0.05% and methionine 0.08%.
(4) Feeding density and reasonable illumination: If the density is too high, the young black-bone chicken will have uneven drinking water and uneven development. 1- 14 is 50 per square meter, 15-20 is 30 per square meter, and 2 1-24 is about 20 per square meter. Observe the drinking and feeding situation of chicks at any time, and adjust the density and size of drinking fountains and trays in time.
It is advisable to light for 20-24 hours a day within 7 days, and reduce the light for 2 hours a week after 7 days until the light time is 13 hours. The light intensity is 4 watts per square meter. 15 days later, it will be changed to 1-2 watts per square meter.
(5) timely beak cutting: in order to prevent mutual pecking and reduce feed waste, at the age of 7- 10, use a beak cutter to cut off half of the length from the tip of the beak to the nostril and one third of the lower beak. It can also be broken when the beak is not completely broken at the age of 20 days. At the same time, vitamin K 3 and electrolytic multivitamin are added to drinking water to reduce bleeding and stress.
(6) Regular disinfection: Disinfect the chicken 1 time every three days, spray it with the diluted solution of Baidusha 1:2000 times, and use two disinfectants with different components alternately, the effect will be better.
(7) In terms of disease prevention, we mainly pay attention to the occurrence of white dysentery and coccidiosis. For white dysentery, furazolidone (furazolidone: 0.04% furazolidone is added to the feed every day at the first 1 and second week after chicks are hatched to control paratyphoid and white dysentery; After 0/5 days of age, 0.0 1% furazolidone, norfloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol powder and other drugs were fed every day. Coccidiosis can be treated with drugs such as Keqiuhuang and Keqiufen (for example, after 10 days old, drugs such as Keqiufen are used to prevent coccidiosis). Pay attention to the outbreak of coccidiosis before the age of 60 and the diarrhea of chickens after the age of 60.
Inoculation: Marek's vaccine was inoculated after hatching, and 5-day-old chicks were pricked with Newcastle disease ⅱ or ⅳ strain and attenuated varicella vaccine eye drops; 10 day old nasal drops with h120; 15-day-old B87 vaccine was used for nasal drops; 2 1 day old, nasal drops were strengthened with renal branches; At the age of 29 days, nasal drops were enhanced with B87 bursa. 40-day-old Newcastle disease 1 seedling is used for drinking water.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Management of China Chicken
Black-bone chicken can be divided into two kinds: medium chicken and meat chicken. Among them, the breeder refers to the growth stage from de-temperature feeding to opening the stall, that is, the 9-25 week-old stage; Medium-sized chicken for meat refers to the chicken that is thawed and raised to the market stage. Generally, it is required to be 60- 150 days old and weigh 0.8- 1.2 kg, which can be sold in pharmaceutical factories and foreign trade. It is required to supply full-price diet, increase feed intake, improve slaughter rate and commodity rate. Broilers are generally raised flat. Those that are not reserved for planting can be converted into commercial chickens. Feed a diet with high energy and high crude protein level, and eat freely, so as to make it full of muscles and store some fat in the body at the age of 100- 150. Breeding hens lay eggs mainly by fencing or grazing.
(1) Grouping: The growth rate is obviously accelerated after brooding, and breeding managers should group the strength, size and sex at any time. It is best to group in the evening or morning, and add multivitamins to drinking water to prevent stress. At this time, the density is controlled at 8- 10 /m2. Those reserved for laying eggs or breeding will be transferred to the henhouse at the age of 120. If you don't change groups until the beginning of labor, it is easy to produce stimulation and affect the egg laying rate. Group transfer should be carried out at night, and try to keep quiet.
(2) Feed supply: When chicks enter the growth period, the diet will be changed from the original chicken feed to medium chicken feed and big chicken feed. In order to reduce the pressure caused by changing feed, we must pay attention to the transition of feed and don't change it suddenly. The transition period is usually 3-5 days, and the specific methods are as follows: the diet from day/kloc-0 to day 4 consists of pre-transition feed and post-transition feed; However, the proportion of post-transition materials was gradually increased, and it was completely replaced by post-transition materials on the fifth day. Feed the chicken feed 20 days before slaughter, stop taking the medicine, and put an end to drug residues.
Breeding chickens provide a full-price diet and can be fed with powder or pellet feed. When feeding, the feeding amount should be limited to about 2/3 of the capacity of the feeding trough, so as to avoid the waste of chickens being picked out. It is advisable to feed 3-4 meals a day, and you can add 1 meal in winter evening. Moderate illumination, daily illumination 14- 16 hours, illumination intensity 15 square meters, 40 watts. It is best to turn on the light at 5 am and turn off the light after sunrise. Turn on the light at night, 10 turn off the light. The temperature of the house should be kept at 13-25℃ and the house should be quiet. Sand basin or sand pool should be set up in the sports ground, so that chickens can eat sand and bathe freely, which can not only prevent skin diseases, but also enhance digestive function.
When picking eggs, before the chickens are transferred to the henhouse, the laying boxes should be placed in the breeder's henhouse. Black-bone chickens are timid and should not use collective egg boxes. Laying boxes with small spacing should be used, and the laying boxes should be evenly placed in dark, well-ventilated and quiet places.
(3) Do a good job in winter and summer management: The summer climate is hot, the chicken has no sweat glands, the whole body is covered with feathers, and the heat resistance is poor, which is easy to cause strong heat stress to the chicken, which makes the broilers show reduced feed intake, slow weight gain and high mortality. Therefore, summer management is important for heatstroke prevention and cooling. The design and construction of chicken coops should take this problem into account, so that the chicken coops should be oriented reasonably and spaced at a large distance, so as to reduce the radiation of the sun in summer and have good ventilation. Planting leafy trees or vines around the henhouse can help the henhouse shade and reduce heat radiation. In a chicken coop with poor thermal insulation, the roof can be painted white to reduce heat absorption, and thickened or sprayed with water to promote heat dissipation to reduce the temperature of the coop.
Adjust the diet structure and feeding methods to supply enough drinking water. During the fattening period, if the temperature exceeds 27℃, the feed intake will decrease obviously. On the basis of the original nutritional level of the diet, protein content can be increased by 1%-2%, and multivitamins can be increased by 30%-50%, thus ensuring the freshness of the diet. In order to reduce heat stress, anti-stress drugs can be properly added to feed. For example, 0. 1-0.2g bacitracin powder is added to each kilogram of diet; When the room temperature is higher than 26℃, add an appropriate amount of vitamin C, or 0.3% baking soda, or 0.5% ammonium chloride, or 0. 1% potassium chloride into the drinking water.
The key to winter management is to prevent cold and keep warm, properly ventilate, and reduce humidity and harmful gas content. When the roof is cold, it should be covered with straw or plastic film, the windows should be sealed with plastic film, the vents should be adjusted, and the temperature should be provided artificially when the temperature is low. Change and add padding frequently to ensure dryness. Because it is necessary to increase the maintenance of chickens in winter, it is necessary to appropriately improve the energy level of the diet. When feeding chickens in batches, it is necessary to shorten the fasting time in cold nights as much as possible, and often overhaul the flue to prevent gas poisoning and fire.
(4) Do a good job in environmental sanitation:
1. Pay attention to ventilation and change the padding frequently. Reasonable ventilation can promote the development of cardiopulmonary system. Change the padding frequently to ensure the cleanliness of the chicken house; Generally, the mat material should be replaced once every 10 day/time, and mat grass wet by water should be replaced immediately, especially in winter.
2. Do a good job in environmental sanitation. Always do a good job in sanitation and epidemic prevention in chicken coops and surrounding activity places. Insist on disinfecting chicken coops and surrounding activity places with disinfectant every week.
3. Pay attention to biological safety: pay attention to check whether there are mouse holes in the henhouse and block the mouse holes in the henhouse in time. Take effective measures to prevent cats and dogs from killing mice, prevent cats, dogs, mice and birds from hurting chickens, and reduce the spread of diseases.
6. Feeding tube for laying hens: Hens start laying eggs at the age of 6.5 ~ 7 months. After 6 months, male and female were fed in a mixed way, and the ratio was 1: 10 ~ 12. Feed them regularly and quantitatively, three times a day, and the daily feeding amount is about 70g.
Step 7: gain weight
The fattening period of black-bone chicken is 60 days; The average weight of 90-day-old animals is 800- 1000g/ animal, and the material consumption is 2.5-3.0 kg. Feeding management should pay attention to the following points:
1. Disinfection preparation of chicken house: chickens that have been removed from the false can be raised horizontally and closed. Before entering the henhouse, the henhouse should be thoroughly disinfected with 400 times of bacterial toxin or caustic soda (2-5%); Pants and water dispensers should be cleaned for later use; Paved with padding, the flat chicken house has an area of 80 square meters per thousand chickens and seven water dispensers. The feeding trough should fully meet the feeding needs of chickens.
2. Feeding: It is best to use chicken feed in meat produced by Zheng Da Company, or self-made feed (corn 66.2%, soybean meal 28.7%, domestic fish meal 1.3%, stone meal 0.4%, bone meal 1.8%, salt 0.3%, vegetable oil 0.3%,/kloc-. Ensure that the formula contains metabolic energy of 3. 1mcal/kg and crude protein 19%). Feed it four times a day in the early stage and three times in the later stage. The feeding amount should be based on the principle that chickens should eat every time. Generally, each chicken consumes 0.09 kg of feed every day for 30-60 days and 0. 1 1 kg for 60-90 days. At the same time, pay attention to the feed not to be moldy and deteriorated. Generally, it is advisable to buy (mix) feed once every 15 days.
3. Daily management: regularly clean and disinfect the sink and sink. Pay attention to the mental state, appetite and feces of chickens. In the morning, chickens are considered normal if they are lively, tasteless, and their feces are normal in color and moderately dry. If the spirit is low, the voice is full, the feces are too thin and the color is abnormal, it may be indigestion; There is bloodshot or bloody stool, which may be coccidiosis. We should find out the reason immediately and treat the symptoms.
4. Temperature: The suitable temperature of commercial black-bone chicken is 20 ~ 22℃, and ventilation should be strengthened in summer to reduce the feeding density; Pay attention to cold and warmth in winter, close doors and windows to prevent thieves from entering.
Article source: Institute of Kinematics, Sichuan Agricultural University