The first is to guide the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough with the spirit of the report of the 18th CPC National Congress.
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has set the grand goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in 2020, with the GDP and per capita income of urban and rural residents doubling from 20 10. To achieve this grand goal, facing the severe situation of tight resource constraints, serious environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation, it is not only the need to solve practical problems, but also the great plan to build a beautiful China and realize the sustainable development of the Chinese nation.
To implement the strategic action of geological prospecting breakthrough, we should take the spirit of the 18th National Congress as the guide, and on the premise of dealing with the relationship between the government and the market, solve the deployment and organization and management problems of mineral resources exploration and development in the overall pattern of ecological civilization construction.
The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China promoted "ecological civilization" to a higher strategic level, and formed the overall layout of "five in one" of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's cause: economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction and ecological civilization construction. The report proposes to adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, form a spatial pattern, industrial structure, production mode and lifestyle of saving resources and protecting the environment, reverse the deterioration trend of the ecological environment from the source, and create a good production and living environment for the people. The strategic action plan for prospecting breakthrough should obey and serve the overall layout of ecological civilization construction, and lead the exploration and development of mineral resources and ecological environment protection with ecological civilization construction.
The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that the core issue of economic system reform is to correctly handle the relationship between the government and the market. Whether the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough can achieve fruitful results and achieve the expected goals, the core issue is to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market. Solve many problems existing in the current relationship between the government and the market, pay more attention to market rules, improve the macro-control system, build a service-oriented government, and truly realize the basic role of the market in the exploration, development and allocation of mineral resources under the macro-control of the government.
2. Leading resource development and environmental protection with the construction of ecological civilization.
Building ecological civilization is a long-term plan related to people's well-being and the future of the nation. To build an ecological civilization, we should carry out economic and social activities on the premise of respecting, conforming to and protecting nature, lead the exploration and development of mineral resources and ecological environment protection with the construction of ecological civilization, give priority to protecting the ecological environment, rationally deploy resource exploration, and realize the coordinated development of ecological environment protection and resource development.
(1) Guiding resource development and environmental protection with the theory of resource and environmental value.
The era of ecological civilization is a civilized form of harmonious coexistence, equal growth and sustainable development of human society and natural ecosystem, which is not only manifested in the material, spiritual and institutional achievements of human society, but also in the existence and development of natural ecosystem. In the era of ecological civilization, the value of resources and environment is no longer just a measuring tool for human beings to engage in commodity exchange activities, but also a basic environmental quality guarantee for human beings' healthy survival and a function of maintaining the balance and development of natural ecosystems.
The value of resources and environment in the era of ecological civilization can be divided into ecological value and productivity value according to their different functions of protecting ecology and ensuring development. The ecological value and productivity value of resources and environment are unity of opposites in resources and environment. Protecting the environment means protecting the ecological value, while developing resources is reflected in the value of productive forces, which are mutually increasing and decreasing in the development of ecological civilization. Human beings survive in the process of realizing ecological value and seek development in the process of realizing production value. Only when ecological value and production value are realized at the same time can sustainable development be realized. The balance between ecological value and productivity value is the fundamental guarantee of sustainable development.
(2) On the basis of the evaluation of resources and environmental carrying capacity, do a good job in the development planning of land space.
The carrying capacity of resources and environment is the ability of a region to ensure the quantity and quality of resources and environment that can restore and maintain ecology, meet human needs and bear the needs of sustainable economic and social development in a certain period of time. The evaluation of resources and environmental carrying capacity is to determine the scale that a region can bear on the population, economic aggregate, sewage aggregate and other bearing objects, and it is a threshold with a certain floating range.
The carrying capacity of resources and environment plays a dual role in guiding and restricting economic and social development. The carrying capacity of resources and environment has regional and dynamic characteristics.
On the basis of natural zoning of resources and environmental carrying capacity, the functional orientation of different regions with emphasis on ecological environmental protection and resource development is divided, and the national spatial development plan is formulated and put into practice. Give play to the role of planning control, control the intensity of development, adjust the spatial structure, promote intensive and efficient production space, moderately livable living space and beautiful ecological space, and optimize the spatial development pattern of land.
(C) Promote "Area Protection" with "Point Development"
This belt is not only an important ecological function area in China, but also an important metallogenic area. We should adhere to the principles of ecological priority, development in protection and protection in development, and promote the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. Specific policies and measures are sufficient to promote development and protection as a whole.
In mineral resource-rich areas with weak ecological environment carrying capacity and important ecological functions, according to the requirements of national and regional economic and social development, fully consider the scale of mineral land, ecological environment carrying capacity and other factors, and give overall consideration to "point development" and "area protection" on the premise of giving priority to ecological environment protection. It is necessary to explore and develop mineral resources with the strictest access threshold, the most advanced management concepts and methods, the most advanced professional team and technical equipment, strictly protect the ecological environment, rely on scientific and technological progress, economize and intensively use resources, share the development benefits with the people in the mineral areas, and protect the ecological environment. The exploration and development of mineral resources not only provides mineral resources for economic construction, but also provides a material basis for ecological environment protection. Point development promotes area protection, promotes the coordinated development of mineral resources exploration and development and ecological environment protection, and realizes a win-win situation.
(d) Establish a compensation mechanism that reflects the relationship between market supply and demand and ecological value.
Establish and implement an ecological compensation system aimed at protecting the ecological environment and promoting the harmonious development between man and nature, and mediate the interests of stakeholders in ecological protection according to ecological value and ecological protection cost. The basic principle is the unity of "who protects whose interests" and responsibility and rights. To implement the ecological compensation system, it is necessary to establish an ecological compensation platform that combines government-led and market transactions, negotiate and discuss different compensation types, compensation subjects, compensation contents and compensation methods, and organize their implementation.
The main body of compensation for ecological environment damage and pollution caused by basic geological work, mineral prospect investigation and partial census is the government; The main body of compensation for ecological environment damage and pollution caused by mineral exploration is enterprises. For the loss of ecological value in the working area or mining area, the compensation standard is determined according to the cost of restoring the ecological environment.
Formulate a green mining system, improve responsibilities and strengthen temporary management. Build green mines and develop green mining.
Third, handle the relationship between the government and the market, and promote the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough.
The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that deepening reform is the key to accelerating the transformation of economic development mode. The core issue of economic system reform is to correctly handle the relationship between government and market. In order to better promote the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough, we must respect the laws of the market, give full play to the role of the government, improve the macro-control system, and give greater play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation.
(1) Promote the reform of the Ministry system and improve the departmental responsibility system.
Deepen the reform of the market economy system, establish a new mineral resources management system, and implement a system of "horizontal centralized and unified, vertical hierarchical and classified management" for mineral resources. In order to solve the problems of cross-domain management of mineral resources, vertical competition for power and interests, overlapping institutions and overlapping responsibilities, it is suggested to adjust the functions of the competent department of mineral resources in the State Council, extending from only performing mineral resources management to "mine" management covering mineral resources exploration and development. Exercise the responsibility of unified planning and centralized management of "mining industry".
(2) The government plays a good role in laws and regulations of indirect management and macro-control.
At present, it is necessary to revise and adjust some laws, regulations and policies that affect the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough.
Amend the current mineral resources law. The current mineral resources law was formed during the transition from planned economy to market economy, which is far from the overall requirements of market economy and international practice. The expression of Huize mineral resources related to national security, sustainable economic and social development and people's life lacks legal height; There is no legal provision to coordinate the exploration and development of mineral resources, ecological construction, environmental protection and ecological civilization construction; Lack of relevant legal provisions on usufructuary right of mining right matching with Property Law; The legal provisions are rather general, with poor operability, and need to be revised.
Adjust the current resource tax collection method. At present, the tax system of mineral resources has not adapted to the new situation of mineral resources exploration and development, which is not conducive to the economical and intensive utilization of resources and the transformation of mining development mode. The important content is to adjust the resource compensation fee and resource tax. The paid use of mineral resources is different from the general usufructuary right, and its use is exhaustive. Mineral resources compensation fee is monetary assets compensation for resource assets depletion, and the current tax rate is low; Resource tax is to adjust the differential income generated by mineral resources as resource capital in production and business activities, and the scope of collection should be expanded and the tax rate should be raised.
Solve the alienation problem of mining right "price" system. At present, a prominent problem in mining right management is the alienation of mining right "price" system. The mining right price system was established under the specific conditions of the transition from planned economy to market economy system in China. It is the mineral land formed by state-funded exploration and transfer, and the cost paid by the state for its return on investment. In recent years, the scope of "price" has been expanding, so that both exploration and mining rights have to be charged. The amount of "price" has exceeded the input cost of geological exploration, and the expected income from mining has been fully collected in advance, and the amount is getting bigger and bigger, far exceeding the resource compensation fee and resource tax. In fact, it is speculating resources. The concept of price is enlarged and the operation is not standardized, which disturbs the mining right market and seriously contributes to the unfair distribution of mineral resources income. In a perfect mining right market, the "mining right value" (investors' rights and interests) is determined by the market, and mining rights holders of different ownership systems trade equally in the market, so that the market can really play a fundamental role in allocating resources.
Study and discuss the dislocation of "funds" in some places. The geological exploration fund was established under the condition that China's geological exploration venture capital market has not yet been established. Its purpose is to reduce exploration risks, guide social funds to conduct commercial mineral exploration, and indirectly play a financing role for commercial geological exploration. As a circulating fund, geological prospecting fund should preserve and increase its value. Since the implementation of geological exploration fund system, it has played an active role in geological exploration. However, at present, the use of geological prospecting funds by some local governments is equivalent to the government's financial investment in prospecting, which has formed the problem of competing with the market for power and profits with enterprises. Due to the misplacement of funds, social funds were squeezed out. In order to ensure the healthy development of the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough, it is necessary to study and solve the misplacement of geological prospecting funds in some places.
Revise and formulate technical regulations and norms for geological survey and mineral exploration. Exploration technical specification is the specification of exploration activities and the scale to measure exploration quality. In the new era, the field of geological survey services has been continuously expanded, and new technologies and methods of mineral exploration have been constantly updated. At present, some original technical regulations and norms for geological survey and mineral exploration are outdated, aging is serious and revision is lagging behind; Some can't meet the new requirements and need to be revised according to the new requirements of exploration work; It is also necessary to formulate new technical regulations and norms to meet the needs of geological survey and mineral exploration under the conditions of market economy. In addition, it is necessary to study and solve the problems of incomplete standardization construction system, uncoordinated related standards, inconsistent information standards, and backward information key technical standards.
(3) Deepen the reform of the administrative system and properly handle the relationship between the government and the market.
Deepen the reform of the administrative system, further promote the separation of government and enterprise, government capital, government affairs, and political society, deepen the reform of the administrative examination and approval system, continue to simplify administration and decentralize power, and promote the transformation of government functions in order to create a good development environment, provide quality public services, and safeguard social fairness and justice. Effectively solve the problems that some local governments still have too much administrative management in the exploration and development of mineral resources, and there are still problems of separation of government and enterprise, separation of government capital and separation of government affairs, as well as the problem that the government controls mining rights and integrates managers, owners and operators.
At present, an outstanding problem to be solved urgently is to standardize government investment and improve the new mechanism of geological prospecting. The Ministry of Land and Resources promotes a new geological prospecting mechanism of "commonweal first, commercial follow-up, capital connection, comprehensive exploration and rapid breakthrough", the core content of which is the investment mode and economic relationship of different investors. Since the implementation of the new mechanism for two years, it has played an important role in solving the investment in prospecting. In recent years, the great progress of exploration work is largely the result of the rapid growth of exploration investment, especially the government has increased investment, stimulated commercial investment and achieved remarkable results. At present, in order to further improve the new mechanism, it is necessary to study and solve the relationship between government input and social input, with the focus on standardizing government input and improving the new mechanism of geological prospecting. According to the survey, the basic sources of funds invested by some provincial governments are resource compensation fees and the price of two rights. The forms of prospecting investment are "provincial finance" and "provincial fund". Some provincial financial investment and provincial fund investment are the same operation mode, and some provinces and regions have a considerable number of units undertaking provincial financial projects and provincial fund projects without holding mining rights to "work for the government". The alienation of mining right price system and the dislocation of funds promote the separation of government and capital and the government's control over mining rights, inhibit the basic role of market allocation in mineral resources exploration and development, and affect the healthy development of the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough.
(4) Respect the market rules and improve the mining market.
In order to give full play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of mineral resources exploration and development to a greater extent, it is necessary to establish and improve a unified, competitive, open and orderly mining rights market and mining factor market throughout the country. Strengthen policy support and information guidance and establish a tangible trading platform; Establish and improve the operating rules of mining rights market and standardize the operation of mining rights market; Strengthen market supervision, maintain market order, protect the legitimate rights and interests of various market entities, and realize the standardization and order of mining rights market and mining factor market.
It is necessary to establish and improve a market system that is compatible with the mining market. For the formed mineral exploration technology labor market, it is necessary to formulate different types and grades of qualification conditions, strictly enter the system, and standardize market behavior; Build a financing platform for mineral exploration, establish a risk incentive mechanism for mineral exploration, establish a standardized mining capital market, and form a benign interaction between mining rights market and mining capital market.
It is necessary to standardize intermediary organizations and give better play to the role of trade associations. It is necessary to rectify the existing intermediary organizations, standardize their qualifications, strictly control them, strengthen self-discipline, improve their level, and give full play to their objective and fair intermediary role. Give full play to the role of trade associations, and suggest that trade associations gradually undertake the formulation, revision and improvement of relevant technical standards and regulations, and gradually integrate with the international community. Improve the relevant systems of mining right evaluation and reserve evaluation.
(five) to guide and support the main construction of the mining market.
Guide and support the construction of mining market players with reform methods, good policy environment and social environment. Deepen the reform of state-owned mining enterprises, reform them into joint-stock company system, change from the separation of exploration and mining under planned economy system to the integration of exploration and mining (mechanism) under market economy conditions, establish a scientific corporate governance structure, realize the separation of ownership and management rights, and solve the problem of separation of government and enterprises through state-owned holding and equity participation. Enhance the power and stimulate the vitality with the reform of the property rights system, and actively play the role of the market main body.
Guide and support the development of private mining enterprises. With the deepening of China's economic system reform and the vigorous development of mining industry, private mining enterprises have become the main body of the mining market. Private mining enterprises conform to the trend of market economy system in management system, organizational structure, operation mechanism and talent management, but private companies have obstacles in social recognition and enjoying fair policy environment, which need to be dredged; There is a shortage of technical talents, and training and guidance need to be strengthened.
State-owned geological prospecting units have made great contributions to the development of China's geological undertakings, and have great advantages in talent information and equipment, and still play an important role in the current strategic action of prospecting breakthrough. However, these advantages are bound by the current system and have not been fully exerted. It is necessary to accurately grasp the spirit of the document on promoting the reform of public institutions by central classification, actively promote the reform, separate the state-owned geological prospecting units from those engaged in public welfare activities, turn the geological prospecting units engaged in production and business activities into enterprises, become the main body of the mining market, and play a greater role in prospecting breakthroughs.
(Originally published in China Land and Resources Economy 20 12 12)