Three Leaps in the History of Qingdao's Urban Development —— Also on the Relationship between Urban Planning and Urban Development
Source: Urban Planning Magazine Author: Li Dongquan
Abstract: Looking at the history of urban development for more than one hundred years, Qingdao has achieved three qualitative leaps in the process of transforming from a small fishing village to a modern international city. From this, we can verify the regular characteristics of the transformation of urban development potential into urban development power, and also find the influence of urban planning fields such as regional analysis, site selection, resource utilization and urban spatial layout on urban development. It is hoped that through the analysis of the historical background and results of these three leaps, it will provide reference for the decision-making of urban development in the future, and then enlighten how urban planning can better serve urban development.
Since 189 1 was founded, Qingdao has developed from an unknown small fishing village on the coast of Jiaozhou Bay into a modern international metropolis with national and world-renowned reputation. The urban population has grown from 1897 to about 23 10000 today. From the perspective of urban development, in the course of a hundred years, Qingdao has made three qualitative leaps to complete its own transformation. They are:/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, during the German colonial rule of Qingdao, the material foundation was laid for the formation of Qingdao city and its future development direction through the construction of urban site selection, port and Ji Jiao railway; 193 1- 1937 During Shen Honglie's tenure as mayor of Qingdao, the urban development policy of coordinating urban and rural development ushered in the climax of Qingdao's first all-round development, which led Qingdao to the road of self-growth as a modern city. 1992 implemented the strategic decision of developing the eastern region, which provided a broad spatial pattern for Qingdao's urban development and guaranteed Qingdao to become an international metropolis. The complexity and particularity of the city should make people realize that without the knowledge and understanding of the past, it is impossible to plan the future effectively. By analyzing the historical background and results of these three leaps in Qingdao's urban development history, we can provide reference for future urban development decisions, and the relationship between urban planning and urban development reflected in this process will enlighten how urban planning can better serve urban development.
2. From fishing villages to cities-ports and railways are the basis of Qingdao's urban development.
Germany chose Qingdao as a colony based on the geographical advantages and port construction conditions of Jiaozhou Bay. Germans' interest in Jiaozhou Bay first began with the investigation report of Richthofen. 1868- 1872, Sir Richthofen, a famous German geographer in modern times, made seven expeditions to China, including inspecting agricultural products and minerals in Shandong. After returning to China, he published books such as China, Shandong and their Gateway-Jiaozhou Bay. He thinks JIAOZHOU bay has "future importance". "The port here meets the requirements of the coastal stronghold of the railway network extending to North China, which will create a convenient export for cotton, iron and other products in North China and make imported goods go to some important areas cheaply." (4) In short, "If you want to develop the Far East, you must first occupy Jiaozhou Bay". Before Germany decided to send troops to occupy Jiaozhou Bay, it took a long time to investigate and study, and made a full regional analysis and demonstration of the city's site selection. 1896 In August, the German government ordered Tirpitz, commander of the Far East Fleet, to inspect the military and economic situation of Jiaozhou Bay and Shandong Peninsula, so as to determine that Jiaozhou Bay is the most suitable port. 1897 On the eve of the official invasion, the German government specially sent Fran? ois, the architectural consultant of the Admiralty, the harbor engineering supervisor and the famous Haihe River engineering expert, to make a key inspection in Jiaozhou Bay. In August, Francois investigated the location, topography, port, area, island, climate, wind direction, tidal range, geology, drinking water, residents, commerce, industry, transportation, fishery, agriculture, roads, air routes, houses, building materials, site, seawater salinity, flora and fauna distribution, water depth fluctuation, coastal height and anchorage. It can be seen that Qingdao has been fully scientifically demonstrated before determining the location and construction of the city. From a regional perspective, this decision, which has been deeply analyzed and demonstrated from macro to micro, not only determines the fate of Qingdao, but also has a far-reaching impact on the economic geography of Shandong Province.
Although Qingdao has geographical advantages, it needs a modern port first, and then a traffic line connecting the port with the mainland to turn this potential into a driving force for urban development. This was obviously planned by the Germans at the beginning of their occupation of Qingdao. On the basis of urban development, Qingdao was only a remote small fishing village at the end of 19, with no advantages at all. After the Opium War, commerce and trade developed, but compared with other coastal cities along the Yangtze River in modern China, Qingdao at that time was neither a traditional commercial or military town nor a political center, and there was no similarity with the modern city image of Qingdao later. Qingdao Port and Ji Jiao Railway are two important construction contents that determine Qingdao's future urban nature and regional status. Because of the clear guiding ideology of urban development and thorough investigation and study in advance, the German army immediately began to build large-scale ports and roads after occupying Qingdao. The Germans first built a port in Qingdao in 1898. By 1908, it took 10 years to invest 29,302,000 marks (7), and * * * built four wharves and ship canal ports in Xiaogang and Dagang, with a breakwater of 4,000 meters long, six special railway lines and a modern one. 1900 Qingdao Port's import and export cargo was only 27 13000 tons, reaching191000 tons (6). The total trade volume of Qingdao Port has increased from 3957 150 in 1900 to 59 16880 in13, which is five times higher than that in 2003. In contrast, although Yantai opened its port nearly 40 years earlier than Qingdao (1862, Yantai became the first commercial port in Shandong Province), by 1907, Qingdao's import volume had surpassed Yantai, and by 1909, Qingdao also surpassed Yantai. Since then, Qingdao has replaced Yantai as the economic and trade center of Shandong (7). This change, the contribution of Ji Jiao Railway can not be ignored. Ji Jiao Railway 1899 started construction, and the whole line 1904 was opened to traffic, including Qingji trunk line and Boshan branch line, with a total length of 436.39 kilometers, which soon developed into the traffic artery of Shandong Province. In the second year after the opening of Ji Jiao Railway (1905), the freight volume was 3 10000 tons and the passenger volume was 803527. By 19 13, the freight volume reached 947,000 tons and the passenger volume reached 1.3 17438 passengers (8). Before the construction of Ji Jiao Railway, Jinan and Luxi were closely linked with Tianjin, while Yantai was the import and export base in the east of Jinan (1). After the opening of Ji Jiao Railway, Shandong's import and export goods were mainly re-exported through Qingdao. 1900, after the location of the port and railway was determined, the Germans made the first urban planning for Qingdao. The relationship between Qingdao city, port and railway can be seen from this.
The formation of many modern cities is based on the construction of ports and railways, and Qingdao can come from behind. The advantage lies in the advanced port facilities and the close connection between ports, railways and cities. Unlike the German colonies in Africa and Nanyang, Qingdao has always been under the direct jurisdiction of the German Admiralty, not the German Imperial Colony. And "the German naval authorities are determined to build this place into a permanent model colony in Germany to show that their ability to manage colonies is no less than that of their old enemy Great Britain. All the moral and political facilities in Qingdao are carefully planned and implemented around the above major policies. " (1) As the largest and most important construction project, all the facilities of Qingdao Port were designed and built according to the world advanced level at that time. After completion, it is known as the best port in East Asia, which dwarfs most major ports in East Asia such as Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin, Nagasaki and Kobe. The determination of port location is largely limited by natural geographical conditions, while the location of railway is relatively flexible. Another advantage of Qingdao is that the railway line is directly laid on the dock of the port, and the transportation of goods is very convenient. At the same time, the railway line runs between the port and the urban area along the edge of the city and goes deep into the urban area endlessly. On the one hand, it is convenient for the port to meet the needs of cargo transportation and urban passenger flow; On the other hand, because it is arranged along the edge of the city, the interference of external traffic to the urban area is minimized, so that the railway, port and city can achieve an ideal state of interdependence, mutual promotion and non-interference. In a word, the construction of Qingdao Port and the opening of Ji Jiao Railway in modern times, on the one hand, greatly promoted the development of Shandong's trade and strengthened the connection between Shandong and the world market, on the other hand, made Qingdao rise rapidly as a modern city. These two constructions complement each other, which not only makes Qingdao embark on the road of modern urban development, but also drives the changes of the urban system pattern in Shandong Province, and affects it to this day.
3. From the city to the countryside-the first climax of Qingdao's all-round development.
Although Qingdao was built according to the model of modern city from the beginning, it has been in a state of abnormal development due to special historical reasons. As a German colony, Qingdao was occupied by Japan for another eight years (the first Japanese occupation period 19 14- 1922), so it was basically a city formed under the rule of Germany and Japan. The main purpose of colonialists' investment in building cities is to gain benefits, not to really change the backward appearance of China and help China realize modernization. Therefore, for many years, foreign investment and construction have been mainly concentrated in urban areas, focusing on the construction of material facilities that can produce benefits. 1922 When Qingdao was recaptured from the Japanese, although the urban area had become a modern city, the vast rural areas were still backward and ignorant, and all customs and habits still retained the form of traditional rural areas in China. Even girls are still binding their feet from childhood, and men still have braids. This is caused by the reason that "education cannot be popularized and the mind is too closed" (9). During the period of Beiyang government's rule (1922- 1929), laws such as banning foot-binding and storing hair and popularizing education were promulgated to promote Qingdao's modernization, but the political situation was extremely unstable and the results were not great. (During the reign of Qingdao Beiyang Government, 1 1 local governors were replaced; 1929 After the Nanjing National Government took over Qingdao, five mayors had been replaced before Shen Honglie became mayor in 193 1. It was not until Shen Honglie became the mayor of Qingdao that this state made a fundamental breakthrough and ushered in the first all-round development climax in Qingdao history.
Shen Honglie, a native of Tianmen, Hubei, is a scholar. Later, he was selected by the Qing court to study in a naval school in Japan. After returning to China, he assisted Zhang Xueliang in organizing the Northeast Navy and served as deputy commander-in-chief. 193 165438 In February, the commander of Bohai Fleet was appointed as the mayor of Qingdao. Although he was born as a soldier, he was different from ordinary warlords, but he had modern, progressive and democratic ideas. In addition, since Shen Honglie has been commanding the Bohai Fleet in Qingdao since 1927, he has a thorough and comprehensive understanding of Qingdao, so he has a long-term overall view, overall planning and specific implementation steps for the construction and development of Qingdao. Shen Honglie knows that Qingdao is not only an important commercial port of China, but also an international city. Without the construction of hard materials, it is not enough to meet the needs at home and abroad. At the same time, Qingdao, a fishing village facing Japan, has been managed by outsiders for many years and has no national culture, so cultural construction is also very important. Moreover, most ordinary people in cities are often in poverty and ignorance, so the preliminary construction of material culture is particularly important for this generation, one of which is. Although Qingdao is called a city, the rural area is actually several times larger than the urban area. The material and cultural construction of hometown is as important as the city. Both are important tasks of subordinates and cannot be neglected. " (10) After Shen Honglie became the mayor of Qingdao, he promulgated the 10 policy outline according to the actual situation in Qingdao, including "encouraging autonomy, enriching the people and strengthening the country; Prohibit bad habits and improve customs; Construction of the village, for the benefit of civilians; Universal education is for practical purposes; Strive to build and introduce civilization "(1 1) and other important tasks, and began to gradually implement the policy ideas of material culture, urban areas and towns. In the first few years, we paid more attention to rural areas. Because urban construction has a considerable foundation, it belongs to "although there are new materials, there is no new spirit" (12), while rural areas are almost blank, with neither new materials nor new spirit. At that time, the gap between urban and rural areas, taking farmers' income as an example: According to 1932 statistics, there were 2 1. 1000 farmers and fishermen in Qingdao, with 39,386 households, accounting for about half of Qingdao's total population at that time. The average annual income of each household is 67.64 yuan and the average annual expenditure is 47.7 yuan. If there are five people in each household, the average annual income of each person is 13 yuan, and 9 yuan is spent (13), while the monthly salary of an apprentice in the urban area was 8- 15 yuan.
In order to effectively implement the material and cultural construction in rural areas, the original rural areas are divided into several districts (equivalent to the current town size), and each district has a rural construction office, which is organized by the municipal government and one staff member from each bureau and station to directly serve the rural areas. All the steps are given in detail. Rural construction begins with the construction of roads, which are divided into three levels: trunk roads, branch roads and village roads. In a very short time from March 1932 to June 1933, the main road 160000m. By 1935, the trunk highway in the whole country has reached 288,700 meters, which can travel all over the country, and other branches and village roads are connected with the trunk highway; During Shen Honglie's six years in Qingdao, the road mileage of rural areas in Qingdao has increased by 65,438+00 times. Secondly, public facilities have been built, most of which are primary schools. During the period of 1932- 1935, * * built 42 school buildings at a cost of130,000 yuan, so that primary schools were built in every village and branch schools were set up in small villages, which could basically accommodate children in the whole district. At the same time, laws were promulgated to make schools compulsory. Otherwise, a fine of 1- 10 yuan will be imposed, but those who attend school in order after being punished will be refunded. Other facilities include public schools, country parks, new hospitals, cooperatives and public security sub-bureaus. In addition, by providing loans to farmers, establishing farm nurseries, popularizing excellent seeds and seedlings through experiments, and distributing excellent seeds and seedlings such as fruit seedlings, vegetable seedlings, wheat seeds, cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens free of charge, production is developed and farmers' income is increased. It can be seen that the rural construction in Qingdao is indeed a "holistic and far-reaching vision, not a whitewash, but only for beauty." (14) fundamentally changed the face of the countryside. The achievements of rural material construction were recorded by foreign tourists at that time: "The cars passed by Licun, and the trees were red and the houses were neat. Many new buildings, such as Licun Township Construction Office, Licun Middle School, Primary School, Hospital, Farm, Recreation Center, Pigeonhouse, Public Security Bureau, Cooperative, Agricultural Bank Office, Market, Post Office ... "(15) At that time, the financial revenue of rural areas was only 50,000 yuan per year, but the expenditure was 400,000 yuan, and rural areas were completely subsidized by urban income. But in the long run, this is actually an investment. These constructions, which are not aimed at obtaining short-term benefits, are actually an input of modern civilization and lay the foundation for Qingdao's future modernization, such as the popularization of education, the promotion of new knowledge, the change of backward concepts and the improvement of labor quality.
During this period, Qingdao developed in an all-round way, showing a thriving scene, and reached its climax in 1935 and 36 years. The most obvious performance is the rapid growth of population. 1929 The population of the whole city is 362 15 1, 193 1 year 402752,1September 575 1936. At the same time, demographic data show that the natural population growth rate of Qingdao was negative most of the time during this period, and the population increase mainly came from the foreign population. Secondly, during this period, the national industry has developed by leaps and bounds. During the rule of Germany and Japan in Qingdao, the development of national industry was suppressed. There were five national enterprises in Qingdao 19 14, and only 43 in 1927+03. After 1929, Qingdao's national industry developed rapidly, reaching 120 in 1932 and 150 in 1934. Although foreign capital still occupies a considerable advantage in the total capital, the national industries in Qingdao have undergone significant changes in quantity and category during this period (1). With the corresponding expansion of urban space, in order to meet the needs of urban development, Qingdao Municipal Engineering Bureau formulated the first draft of Qingdao urban planning in 1935, which is the first urban planning made by China people for Qingdao after the second planning in 19 10. Based on the beautiful reality of Qingdao, the plan is full of optimism about the future development prospects of Qingdao. It is planned that the population of Qingdao will increase from 200,000 at that time to 1 10,000, which is considered as the "lowest guess" (17). In the planning, the embryonic form of modern Qingdao urban pattern has been formed, such as the urban area extending to Cangkou and Licun in the north and Xinjiazhuang and Maidao in the east. A three-dimensional transportation system with land, water and air at the same time has been put forward, and the city center with the municipal government as the core has moved outward to meet the needs of Qingdao's development. This was unimaginable before, and these ideas were later realized.
Shen Honglie is an important figure in the history of Qingdao's development. He implemented a set of long-term and overall development ideas for Qingdao and realized that "the prosperity of the city is based on the countryside." If the four sides are not governed, the urban area will never prosper forever "(18). During his tenure (193 1 year 65438+February-1937 65438+February), Qingdao gradually developed into an important industrial, foreign trade and port city in northern China, and established its position in modern China, which became an important period in the history of Qingdao's urban development. Later generations often remember the achievements of urban construction in this period, especially the public facilities that are still in operation in some big cities, but few people mention Shen Honglie's rural construction work to realize the long-term and all-round development of Qingdao. Although there is no direct data to prove that the achievements of rural construction directly promoted the development of the city at that time, in fact, his series of rural construction measures pushed modern civilization from the city to the countryside, which is a real and fundamental way to promote the modernization process of Qingdao and one of the necessary conditions for the long-term development of the city. If Qingdao built the necessary hardware infrastructure for a modern city in the German and Japanese occupation era, then it started the necessary software infrastructure for a modern city in the Shen Honglie era. This kind of infrastructure, which aims at narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas and improving the cultural quality of the masses, laid the foundation for Qingdao's healthy and normal all-round development, which not only contributed at that time, but also had a far-reaching impact and provided the basic guarantee for Qingdao's future development. After 1937, Qingdao, like most places in China, was in a state of war and turmoil, and its urban development was seriously disturbed. But because the foundation of the city itself has been perfected, the development momentum has not stopped. Before liberation, Qingdao with a population of 800,000 was one of the eight largest cities in China at that time.
4. From west to east-the formation of the urban spatial pattern of Greater Qingdao.
After the reform and opening up, Qingdao is facing a good opportunity for great development. As early as 198 1, Qingdao was identified by the State Council as one of the national economic center cities, 1984 as one of the coastal open cities, and 1986 as a city with separate plans. However, compared with other cities, a series of policies and measures from the central government to the local government have not brought outstanding development and changes to Qingdao. The city appearance of Qingdao has not changed dramatically, and the development of the city seems to have reached its limit. 19 14 When the Germans left Qingdao, the population of Qingdao was 57578 (19 13 statistics). By the time Qingdao was liberated in June 1949, the urban population had reached 583,000. 1960 After the urban population increased to 888,000, Qingdao passed the stage of rapid population growth since its establishment. 1985 The non-agricultural population of Qingdao was1162,000. Aside from the statistical differences between urban population and non-agricultural population and the adjustment of zoning, it can be considered that the population growth after 1960 is basically a reflection of natural population growth, which is completely different from the previous population growth characteristics. One of the foreseeable results of a series of policies to promote urban development in the 1980s was the expansion of urban scale. Although there are artificial restrictions such as household registration system, the urban spatial structure formed in Qingdao for many years is also an obstacle to this possible expansion, which makes Qingdao unable to give full play to its potential, just like a dragon trapped. Before 1985, the economic growth rate of Qingdao was even lower than the average growth rate of Shandong Province. It was not until 1992 that Qingdao implemented the eastern development strategy that this lagging development situation was fundamentally reversed.
Since 19 10, the Germans planned Qingdao's urban expansion, and Qingdao has laid a strip-shaped urban spatial pattern along the east coast of Jiaozhou Bay from south to north. Until the end of 1980s, Qingdao did not break away from this urban form. Urban strip development along the axis is an important trend of urban form space development after the industrial revolution, and it is considered as an efficient, dynamic and open urban system, which conforms to the spatial planning of modern urban development (19). According to the analysis theory of major economic relations put forward by Professor Zhou Yixing (20), the spatial structure of cities and regional urban systems will show certain regularity under the conditions of heterogeneous space and near-rational human activities, and one of the characteristics of regularity is that the change of urban location often moves in the direction of its major economic relations. Qingdao is a hub city, and its main economic connection direction is obviously Ji Jiao Railway. The strip-shaped city layout of Qingdao conforms to the natural law of urban development and can meet the requirements of long-term urban development. However, one of the problems of belt-shaped cities is that when the city scale reaches a certain level, it will bring uneconomical internal relations, so it is impossible for a city to develop in a belt-shaped way indefinitely. After the reform and opening up, this contradiction has become more and more obvious. The shortage of urban land and the outstanding problem of studying in the south and working in the north have seriously restricted the development of Qingdao.
In order to solve this contradiction, 1984 first developed and built Huangdao Economic and Technological Development Zone. Now it seems that this decision is not wise enough. Geographically, Huangdao and Qingdao are not equal, and they are located at the east and west ends of Jiaozhou Bay. At that time, when the Germans determined the urban location, there was a comparison between Qingdao and Huangdao. Later, because Qingdao has a certain urban construction foundation, they decided to choose Qingdao as the location of the urban area. Eighty-six years later, in order to expand the urban development space, Qingdao turned its attention to Huangdao on the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay. Although Huangdao is only 2.6 nautical miles (4.5 kilometers) away from downtown Qingdao, and most of them are within the radius of 10 kilometers of the old downtown (which is one of the reasons for choosing Huangdao as a new development zone (2 1)), the straight-line distance. In fact, due to the barrier of Jiaozhou Bay, the land distance between Qingdao Old Town and Huangdao New District is about120km, which is obviously too long for two components of a city. Although the inland river ferry has been opened, after all, the traffic volume is limited and the ferry operation is greatly affected by the weather. Under the serious obstacle of traffic conditions, the decision to develop Huangdao actually hindered the development of Qingdao. In the long run, Qingdao should expand to the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, which is determined by Qingdao's geographical position. Because Qingdao is adjacent to the Yellow Sea in the south and Laoshan Mountain in the east, there is only room for urban land to go north and west. Going north only makes the original strip city layout of Qingdao more prominent. However, when convenient transportation links such as cross-sea bridge and cross-sea tunnel are not available, and when spatial distance is still the "threshold" that restricts urban development, Huangdao can't actually exist as an organic part of Qingdao, because Qingdao, as a city, has a greater degree of economic agglomeration than economic concentration, and has not yet reached the development requirements of opening up a new city from the old city. Secondly, the earliest purpose of establishing economic and technological development zones in China was to "introduce urgently needed advanced technology and equipment, utilize foreign capital, set up foreign-funded enterprises such as Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign cooperation, and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, and play the role of four windows: technology window, management window, knowledge window and foreign policy window, so as to accelerate the technological transformation of existing cities and earn foreign exchange through exports." (22) In terms of the spatial relationship between Huangdao and Qingdao, it is really difficult to effectively achieve the above objectives.
After the southern tour of Deng Xiaoping, on May 3rd, 1992, the Qingdao Municipal Government made a decision on speeding up the development and construction of the eastern part of the city, "striving to build a new municipal political, economic, trade and cultural center in the eastern part of the city in two to three years, which will drive the construction and development of the whole city. This is a major strategic decision taken by Qingdao. " (23) The so-called East refers to the land of 100 square kilometers east of the old city of Qingdao and west of the central part of Laoshan Scenic Area, where the natural environment is superior and it is close to the urban area. Although it is 10 km away from the center of the old city, there is no barrier in the middle, which can effectively realize the transition of people flow and information flow from the old city to the new city (24). The urban expansion to Xinjiazhuang and Maidao mentioned in the first draft of Qingdao urban planning from 65438 to 0935 belongs to this area. In the adjustment and supplementary planning of Qingdao master plan 65438-0989, this area and Huangdao have been identified as two groups of spatial expansion of the old city of Qingdao respectively. In fact, although the urban area of Qingdao has been developing slowly, it has been gradually expanding eastward. However, it was not until 1992 that the administrative center of the city, represented by the eastward migration of Qingdao Municipal Government, was transferred, which really provided the impetus for the development of this land. This move "transforms the unique political concentration ability of the administrative center into the ability of economic integration", thus "becoming a remarkable symbol of Qingdao's rapid opening road" (24). After that, the development speed of Qingdao was obviously accelerated: Qingdao achieved the second doubling of GDP in 1993 seven years ahead of schedule, and the GDP in 1994 reached 52 billion yuan, maintaining a growth rate of more than 20% for three consecutive years, ranking eighth among large and medium-sized cities in China except Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, reaching 1995.
Both of them are the expansion of urban space, but their effects on urban development are quite different, as can be seen from investment projects. According to statistics, from the reform and opening up to the end of 1992, the city approved a total of 1940 foreign-funded projects with a total contract value of 3.43 billion US dollars, and the actually utilized foreign capital was 122 billion US dollars, of which 275 foreign-funded enterprises (27) were allowed to operate. 1992 after the implementation of the strategy of developing the east, by the end of 1995, the city had approved a total of 5750 foreign capital utilization projects, with contracted foreign capital utilization of 7.38 billion US dollars and actually utilized foreign capital of 3.265438 billion yuan. Among them, the high-tech industrial park located in the east officially opened in August 1, 1992, but by the end of 1995, 2,557 enterprises of various types had been approved to enter the park, with a total project investment of 654.38+0.847 billion yuan and contractual foreign investment of 654.38+0.09 billion yuan; After 10 years of development, Huangdao Economic and Technological Development Zone has invested nearly10 billion yuan in infrastructure construction. By the end of 1995, a total of 2,400 imported and inline projects had been approved, with a total contracted investment of/kloc-0.4 billion yuan and contracted foreign investment of/kloc-0.0 billion US dollars (28). It can be said that the eastern development has found a new breakthrough for Qingdao's urban development. Since then, Qingdao has developed by leaps and bounds. By 1998, the city had approved a total of 8,350 foreign-funded projects, with contractual utilization of foreign capital of11200 million USD and actual utilization of foreign capital of 6.2 billion USD (27). The most obvious manifestation of urban construction is that "Qingdao people suddenly feel that Qingdao, which has been silent for a long time, seems to arch up from the earth overnight, and little Qingdao suddenly grows up" (29). The results of these two decisions show that the expansion of urban scale is inevitable because of the agglomeration effect of urban development itself. However, under certain economic development conditions, it is beneficial to the development of the city to choose a suitable development planning scheme. On the other hand, being too advanced and ignoring the reality will not only promote urban development, but also disperse limited urban construction funds, which will get twice the result with half the effort.
5. Conclusion
Throughout the history of Qingdao's urban development, there are both universality and particularity. The formation and development of a city can not be separated from the background of the times. In the modern history of China, Qingdao, like other coastal cities, experienced the forced opening after being invaded by foreign powers, experienced the ups and downs of China society, and ushered in new development opportunities after the reform and opening up. However, the three leaps in the development history of 100 years have special significance for Qingdao to become today. From the organic combination of port, railway and city in the early stage of urban construction, to the all-round development of rural construction in the early 1930s, and then to the eastern development that broke through the bottleneck of urban development in the 1990s, it not only contributed to the transformation of a fishing village into an international metropolis, but also provided some enlightenment on how to understand the relationship between urban planning and urban development: ① Understanding the city from a regional perspective plays a decisive role in urban development. The existence and development of cities can not be separated from the support of regions. In view of the relationship between cities and regions, reasonable urban planning often needs to have a regional perspective and seek the answers to urban development problems from the perspective of regional analysis. ② The city itself is a symbol of civilization, and the healthy development of the city needs both the hardware foundation in the field of material construction and the software foundation in the field of non-material construction. The development potential of a city is not the same as the driving force of development, and it needs to be transformed through appropriate media. This medium is different in different stages of urban development, so it is very important to make relevant decisions. (4) Urban planning is the embodiment of human's dynamic role in urban development. Although urban planning shows the direction and goal of urban development, it cannot determine the direction of urban development itself, that is, urban planning is not the direct driving force of urban development. The function of urban planning is to find the development trend of the city and determine the appropriate intervention opportunity and means according to the general law of urban development and the unique conditions of the city itself. Urban development itself often points out the direction of urban planning. The urban planning of contemporary China is not satisfactory in many aspects, and there is a lack of in-depth and extensive investigation and research before planning; Pay too much attention to engineering and technical problems, but not too much attention to local natural and social conditions and economic development level; More attention is paid to planning as a means of control, which is too much and too dead, rather than deciding what problems to solve. The real nature and basic function of urban planning seem to be neglected. Faced with the diversity and complexity of factors affecting urban development, the planning decisions that decided Qingdao's fate three times in the history of Qingdao's urban development may make us more aware of the relationship between urban planning and urban development and clarify the direction that urban planning should strive for in the future.