Empathy is a process in which visitors project their past feelings about some important people in their lives to the counselors. Empathy can be divided into positive empathy, negative empathy or mixed empathy, and empathy is often unconscious to a considerable extent.
Positive empathy means that visitors project their favorite characteristics on the counselor. The counselor seems to be the person he likes in his life, or the perfect personality he expects, which will beautify the counselor and even involve some assumptions related to sex and feelings.
Negative empathy means that visitors feel that the counselor is a bit exaggerated and bad, projecting the characteristics of some people they don't like in their lives on the counselor, thinking that the counselor is that kind of person, and then generating some aggressive and defensive reactions.
In addition to the empathy caused by the relationship model of family background, it may also come from the empathy of "race-culture". Counselors should pay attention to the counselor's racial and cultural perception as a potential part of empathy. For example, people with racial hatred are angry with all hostile nations.
On the other hand, the psychological counselor's feelings or emotional troubles in the case can be collectively referred to as "anti-communism". "It is the true and natural response of the psychological counselor to the things that empathize with or bother him" (Chapter 4 of the counseling strategy of the psychological counselor), which is also divided into positive and negative.
Freud initially thought that empathy was an obstacle to the relationship between consultation and interview, but later he gradually changed his attitude and thought that empathy was inevitable. He can take empathy analysis as an important way in psychoanalysis, and even deliberately induce some empathy. Later, the relational school will think that consultation depends on anti-communism, and many interventions are manifestations of anti-communism, which is also good, because all anti-communism treatments inevitably have emotional reactions from consultants, just to identify whether anti-communism is beneficial and effective to visitors and treatment.
At present, psychological counseling circles are more aware that empathy is universal and inevitable, and it is an objective emotion. Empathy can reflect visitors' usual communication patterns and unresolved problems in their hearts. By clarifying the empathy in consultation, it can help seekers clearly see that their expectations of consultants in consultation are actually their expectations of others in life.
First of all, the identification of empathy depends on whether the emotional response of the visitor is based on the psychological counselor's understanding or imagination. If it is imagination, it is necessary to explore the possible empathy behind it.
There is no difference between negative empathy and positive empathy in essence, but there is a world of difference in experience. * * * In terms of sex, the consultant should:
Counselors usually have five ways to deal with the help-seeker's empathy.
Psychological counselors can also effectively deal with empathy by reflecting the wishes or desires of help seekers (such as being loved, becoming important, controlling others, etc.). ). The "self-exposure" mentioned above is usually a way of feeling.
Part of the counselor's "anti-empathy" feeling in the case comes from the specific person and personality of the visitor, which needs the counselor to identify and further work with the visitor. Some of them have personal elements of consultants and need to enter the experience session to discuss with our own consultants and supervisors.
The possible types of cross-border anti-communism include (Corey, Corey &; Callanan, 2003): Overprotecting the case owner, treating the case owner too gently and rejecting the case owner requires the case owner to praise him often, see himself in the case owner, feel sexually or romantically, give advice involuntarily and develop social relations with the case owner.
Counselors' anti-communism may be beneficial or harmful, and harmful anti-communism often comes from counselors' own pain. Often occurs in the following situations:
In order to avoid harmful anti-empathy, psychological counselors need to purify themselves and help individuals grow by accepting psychological counseling and case supervision from individuals and groups.
Unfinished things or events encountered by consultants in the process of growing up, as well as unresolved personal inner contradictions, will interfere with the process of professional help. The code of professional ethics has a related definition, which emphasizes that consultants should be alert to personal physical and mental conditions so as not to affect the professional effectiveness of helping others.
Professional consulting ethics also emphasizes that the interests of visitors are the premise, and consultants should always know whether their handling of empathy or anti-empathy is in line with the interests of visitors and the code of conduct of consulting ethics. For example, it is allowed for psychological counselors to have some feelings or even sexual fantasies about visitors. If he can control them within the code of conduct and not have sex or establish intimate relationships, he can restrain his emotions and help visitors. If he can't, he should consider introducing them to other consultants.
Different psychological counseling schools deal with empathy in different ways. The following two examples can illustrate some differences. However, because of the development trend, different schools have more understanding of the importance of counseling or treatment effect, and the way to deal with empathy tends to be more humanized. Accompanying and helping visitors to correct problems in real relationships have become the same working direction, but there will be differences in specific theoretical assumptions and technologies.
1. Ginny's case
"Getting Closer" is a record of therapeutic process published by therapist Irving Aron and visitor Ginny on behalf of existentialism and interpersonal orientation. It is a typical real case of using visitors' positive empathy to help visitors, which also includes some perceptions and reflections of consultants on their "anti-empathy". The following series tracks Aaron and Ginny's accompanying trip. In this case, based on the therapeutic principle of interpersonal orientation, Aaron did not focus on excavating the subconscious complex from the family background and past experience in Ginny's empathy, but focused on the present and the future, focusing on improving the realistic relationship.
"Closer and Closer" 1- Introduction of Ding Jian
Closer and Closer 2- Preface of the author
Getting closer and closer 3- the first autumn
Approaching 4- a long spring
It's getting closer and closer. 5- summer
Getting closer and closer 6- fleeting winter
Getting closer and closer 7- the last spring
Getting closer. 8- getting closer
Getting closer and closer 9- Postscript and summary
2. Mia's case
Mia's relationship with men is influenced by her father's empathy in daily life and consultation, which is very complicated and secret. She has an idealized imagination of her father, but in fact she has no incest complex, which affects her to establish intimate relations in the conventional world. At the same time, her subconscious is still defending her father's hidden weakness, which makes her as a lawyer often choose someone who is at fault with the weak and has certain authority as her client to defend her, and also makes her behavior in private life and consultation go out of line, such as having sex with other men, sexual temptation of consultants and so on. The following series provides an explanation of Mia's case. Paul, the hero, is a psychoanalyst, so he deeply digs and reveals Mia's empathy subconscious from her father's beautification imagination, but at the same time, he also guides Mia to think and explore her adult identity and significance.
Mia's case1-Meeting and first interview between Paul and Mia
Mia's case 2-Mia crossed the border again and had a second interview.
Mia's case 3- the third interview to uncover the secret
Mia's Case 4-Mia's Surprise and Anxiety
Mia's Case 5-Mia is depressed and helpless.
Mia's case 6-Does Mia end or continue treatment?
Mia Case 7- Q&A and Summary