Among them, the academic certificates issued by colleges and universities (including the graduation certificate of higher education self-study examination) should be registered electronically (hereinafter referred to as academic registration). Academic certificates are divided into graduation certificates and graduation certificates.
summary
Academic qualifications refer to people's learning experience of receiving scientific and cultural knowledge training in educational institutions. At what level of educational institutions and training, a person has a corresponding education level.
Broadly speaking, any learning experience can be an "education" for learners. In society, what people usually call "education" has a specific meaning and a specific value.
What academic qualifications a person has refers to the last and highest level of a person's learning experience, which is issued by schools and other educational institutions that implement academic education and authorized by the state to issue diplomas.
As far as the current education system in China is concerned, the types of academic education in China can be divided into:
Primary school and junior high school belong to compulsory education and basic education, and senior high school;
Technical schools, vocational technical schools, vocational middle schools, vocational high schools, higher vocational schools and technician colleges belong to vocational education; Educate the educated in professional knowledge, skills and professional ethics necessary for engaging in a certain occupation or productive labor.
Secondary specialized schools, secondary normal schools, junior colleges and undergraduate courses belong to professional education. The education he received was mainly based on the professional knowledge he taught. Admission requires unified recruitment, and graduation requires a dispatch card (registration card).
Postgraduates, including: master students and doctoral students. Scientific research is the main direction.
primary education
primary school
secondary education
Junior high school; Senior middle schools, technical secondary schools, vocational schools and technical secondary schools
higher education
College (higher vocational, junior college, high technology), undergraduate, master, doctor.
Among them, higher education is divided into general higher education and adult higher education (full-time, part-time, correspondence), higher education self-study examination, open education, online education and so on.
School certificate
Academic certificates are divided into graduation certificates, graduation certificates and graduation certificates.
According to the stage from low to high, the academic certificates are: primary school graduation certificate, junior high school graduation certificate, technical school graduation certificate, vocational high school graduation certificate, ordinary high school graduation certificate, secondary specialized school graduation certificate, junior college graduation certificate, undergraduate graduation certificate, master's degree graduation certificate, doctoral degree graduation certificate or the above-mentioned related academic graduation certificates.
higher education
1. What is general education, what is general higher education, and what is the difference between it and adult higher education?
A: General education is a concept corresponding to adult education. The main difference between them lies in the different educational objects and learning forms. The object of general education is mainly teenagers in the growing stage, and it adopts full-time teaching form; As the name implies, the object of adult education is adults, and part-time teaching is generally implemented.
The task of general education is usually undertaken by schools that implement general education (called general education schools). General education schools are divided into general basic education schools, vocational education schools and general higher (secondary specialized) schools. Full-time teaching is implemented for undergraduate and below, and full-time or part-time teaching is implemented for graduate students. General basic education is divided into preschool education, primary education, junior high school education and senior high school education, including special education for disabled children, teenagers and young people and work-study education for extraordinary students; Vocational education includes vocational high school education, technical education and higher vocational education (general higher vocational education is sometimes included in general higher education). General higher (secondary specialized) education refers to the academic education that mainly recruits high school (junior high school) graduates to learn full-time professional knowledge, which is relative to the adult higher education forms such as correspondence, evening university and staff university that recruit on-the-job employees to work and study.
2. What is the national education series? What are the levels of higher education in the national education series?
A: The Education Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates: "The state implements a school education system of preschool education, primary education, secondary education and higher education. The state establishes a scientific education system. The establishment, educational form, educational system, enrollment targets and training objectives of schools and other educational institutions within the academic system shall be stipulated by the education administrative department authorized by the State Council or the State Council. " According to this provision of the Education Law, the education implemented by schools and other educational institutions approved or registered by governments at all levels or education administrative departments according to law is a series of national education. National education series is different from the educational forms held by party schools and military schools.
There are also differences between "schools" and "other educational institutions". "School" refers to an educational institution approved or registered by the government or the administrative department of education according to law, which mainly implements academic education at all stages within the academic system, including primary schools, junior middle schools, senior middle schools, various vocational schools, technical schools, general secondary specialized schools, general colleges and universities and various adult education schools with qualifications for issuing academic certificates. "Other educational institutions" refers to educational institutions that have been approved or registered by the administrative department of education or other competent departments to carry out non-academic education.
National education series is divided into academic education and non-academic education according to whether they have the qualification to issue academic diplomas. Higher education is divided into junior college education, undergraduate education and postgraduate education. Academic qualifications are divided into four levels: college degree, undergraduate degree, postgraduate degree and doctoral degree, including college degree, undergraduate degree, second bachelor degree class, postgraduate degree (closed), postgraduate degree and doctoral degree. Universities and independent colleges mainly implement undergraduate and above education. Junior college and higher vocational colleges implement junior college education. With the approval of the education administrative department of the State Council, scientific research institutions can undertake the educational tasks of graduate students.
3. What is an ordinary institution of higher learning, and what are its connections and differences with ordinary higher education?
A: Ordinary institutions of higher learning refer to institutions of higher learning that are approved or put on record by the national education administrative department and mainly implement ordinary higher education, which are divided into undergraduate and junior college levels.
Ordinary institutions of higher learning at the undergraduate level are named "XX University" or "XX College", such as Guizhou University, Shandong University, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong Jianzhu University, Shandong Institute of Economics, Shandong Jiaotong University, Taishan College, Weifang College and Yantai Nanshan College.
The names of colleges at the junior college level are XX College, XX College, XX Vocational and Technical College or XX Vocational College, such as Shandong Medical College, Heze Medical College, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zibo Teachers College, Jinan Railway Vocational and Technical College, Shandong Vocational College of Science and Technology, Rizhao Vocational and Technical College and Zibo Vocational College.
Independent colleges are ordinary institutions of higher learning at undergraduate level, and there are 12 in Shandong Province, namely: Shengli College of China Youshi University, Taishan Institute of Science and Technology of Shandong University of Science and Technology, Wenjing College of Yantai University, Qindao College of Qingdao University of Technology, Yanshan College of Shandong University of Economics, Qingdao College of China Ocean University, Haidu College of Laiyang Agricultural College, Xingtan College of Qufu Normal University, Dongfang College of Shandong Finance University, Lishan College of Shandong Normal University and Liaocheng University.
Ordinary colleges and universities refer to educational institutions with academic qualifications, and ordinary higher education refers to the categories and levels of education. In general higher education, some students enrolled according to the enrollment plan of general higher education are trained in adult colleges and universities. These students are of the same nature as those enrolled in ordinary colleges and universities, with the same academic qualifications, employment methods and post-graduation treatment. The difference of graduation certificate is that the word "ordinary higher education" is replaced by "ordinary higher education" and the content of the certificate is marked as "ordinary class". Adult higher education institutions mainly include ×× Staff University, ×× Management Cadre College, ×× Education College and ×× Radio and TV University.
4. What are the forms of running general higher education?
A: General higher education in a narrow sense generally refers to ordinary undergraduate colleges. The main forms of running schools are ordinary colleges and universities and undergraduate courses. In recent years, the five-year consistent system and the three-two-stage system at the starting point of junior high school have been increased. The five-year consistent system is undertaken by higher vocational colleges or junior colleges, the first three years of the three-two-stage system is undertaken by secondary specialized schools, and the second two years are undertaken by affiliated higher vocational colleges or junior colleges. Ordinary undergraduate courses are organized by universities, undergraduate colleges and independent colleges, and specialized courses are mainly organized by higher vocational colleges. Universities, undergraduate colleges and independent colleges also undertake some special training tasks. Higher vocational colleges and junior colleges are not qualified to issue general undergraduate diplomas.
5. What is a student status, how can I get a student status, and how do I know that I am a student with a formal student status?
A: Student status refers to a legal status or qualification that students belong to a school. Just as citizens should have nationality, party member should have party membership, and soldiers should have military status, a student should also have the status of a student in a certain school. Once college students have obtained their university status according to the regulations, they have the right to use the education and teaching resources provided by the school, participate in various activities arranged by the school's education and teaching plan, and obtain corresponding academic certificates after completing their studies prescribed by the school; At the same time, we should also fulfill our obligation to abide by the school management system, pay tuition fees and related expenses according to regulations, study hard and abide by the students' code of conduct.
According to the "Regulations on the Management of Students in Ordinary Colleges and Universities", freshmen admitted in accordance with the national enrollment regulations will go through the admission procedures at the school with the admission notice, and those who pass the re-examination will be registered and obtained the student status. Those who fail to pass the re-examination will be dealt with by the school as the case may be, until the admission qualification is cancelled.
Anyone who practices fraud or engages in malpractices for personal gain will be disqualified once verified. Anyone who has obtained a student status and a certificate as an impostor, once verified, will take back the certificate and cancel the electronic registration information of the academic certificate on the academic certificate inquiry website designated by the Ministry of Education.
Students who are not admitted by the provincial admissions department have no student status, no matter how long they study at school. Even if the course expires and the results are qualified, you will not get the certificate of general higher education recognized by the state.
Students can check the admission information through the website designated by the provincial admissions department of the place of origin to find out whether they have been formally admitted. The Ministry of Education has formulated the Administrative Measures for Electronic Registration of Freshmen in Colleges and Universities, so that students can know whether they are registered students through designated channels and with effective information.
6. How do colleges and universities manage students?
A: Students in institutions of higher learning should follow the Code of Conduct for Students in Institutions of Higher Learning, study diligently, make progress, be honest and trustworthy, be brave in innovation, strictly abide by the school management system, develop good moral quality and behavior habits, and strive to master modern scientific and cultural knowledge and professional skills. The management of students in institutions of higher learning shall be implemented in accordance with the Regulations on the Management of Students in Ordinary Institutions of Higher Learning issued by OrderNo. 10. Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China (PRC) 2 1. This regulation clarifies the rights and obligations of students, and makes detailed provisions on the management of student status, academic assessment, campus order and extracurricular activities, rewards and punishments, etc. It is an important regulation of higher education management in the new period, and it is the policy basis of college student management.
What needs to be emphasized is that in order to strengthen the construction of study style and seriously examine discipline, colleges and universities implement a strict examination management system and severely punish cheating in examinations. The Measures for Handling Violations in National Education Examinations provides detailed provisions on the identification and handling of cheating in examinations, and the Regulations on the Administration of Students in Colleges and Universities further clarifies that serious cheating such as taking exams, organizing cheating and using communication equipment will be expelled from school.
7. What are the forms of general higher education diploma?
A: There are four levels of academic qualifications recognized by higher education countries: junior college, undergraduate, master and doctor. The state recognizes the academic certificates issued by ordinary institutions of higher learning (including scientific research institutions that train graduate students) and adult institutions of higher learning approved or filed by the state education administrative department. After passing the self-study examination, the self-study examination graduation certificate issued by the self-study examination committees of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) authorized by the the State Council Self-study Examination Committee is also recognized by the state.
The graduation certificate of general higher education is a certificate issued by ordinary institutions of higher learning and other institutions undertaking postgraduate education on the education level of students. Students who enter the school according to the state regulations and obtain their school status after entering the school will obtain corresponding academic certificates according to the examination (assessment) results after completing a certain stage of their studies. General higher education diploma is divided into graduation certificate, graduation certificate and graduation certificate.
Students who have completed all the courses specified in the teaching plan, passed the examination (or completed the credits), passed the moral education and physical education, are allowed to graduate, and can obtain the graduation certificate.
Students who have completed all the courses specified in the teaching plan, including more than one course that still fails after the make-up exam, but do not fall within the scope of repetition or have not completed the required credits, and are qualified in moral education and physical education, can obtain a certificate of completion.
Students who drop out of school after studying for more than one academic year without completing the courses stipulated in the teaching plan (except those expelled from the school) can obtain an associate degree certificate.
On the salary of graduates, the state only recognizes diplomas and degree certificates. There are only two kinds of electronic registration certificates: graduation certificate and degree certificate.
8. What is a degree? What is the difference between a degree and a degree?
A: A degree is an academic title that marks that the educational level and academic level of the grantee have reached the prescribed standards. It is divided into three levels: bachelor, master and doctor. "Postdoctoral" refers to the doctoral degree winner who is allowed to enter the post-doctoral research mobile station to engage in scientific research. This is not a degree. It is a misunderstanding of China's degree system to regard postdoctoral doctors as higher degrees than doctors.
According to the Academic Degrees Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC), bachelor's degrees are awarded by institutions of higher learning authorized by the State Council, and master's degrees and doctoral degrees are awarded by institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions authorized by the State Council. Undergraduate graduates of institutions of higher learning who have achieved excellent results and reached the prescribed academic level are awarded bachelor's degrees; Postgraduates in institutions of higher learning and scientific research, or persons with the same academic ability as postgraduates, pass the course examination and thesis defense for master's (doctoral) degree and reach the required academic level, and are awarded master's (doctoral) degrees. Institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, as degree-conferring units, will issue corresponding degree certificates to degree winners after making a resolution on conferring degrees in academic degree evaluation committee.
Education and education cannot be equated. A degree is an academic title, and a degree is a learning experience. Having a degree does not necessarily mean having a corresponding degree; Similarly, having a certain degree does not necessarily mean having a corresponding degree. For example, those who have obtained master's or doctor's degree certificates do not necessarily have master's or doctor's degree diplomas; Those who have obtained the undergraduate diploma may not be able to obtain the bachelor's degree certificate.
Those who have only obtained a degree certificate but have not obtained the corresponding academic certificate shall still have their original academic qualifications. If a person graduates from a bachelor's degree and later obtains a doctor's degree through an on-the-job degree application (now cancelled) or an equivalent academic qualification, his degree is still a bachelor's degree, not a "doctor's degree". To obtain a postgraduate degree in general education (including full-time and part-time learning forms), you must take the national unified postgraduate entrance examination.
On-the-job staff applying for a degree/equivalent is different from part-time graduate students. On-the-job personnel applying for a degree/equivalent academic ability Shen Shuo is not an academic education. He has a degree but no academic qualifications. Although "part-time graduate students" study in a part-time or part-time way, their enrollment, admission methods and training programs are the same as those of full-time graduate students, so they all belong to academic education, but their learning methods are different.