The first mechanical addition computer in the world (1642)
Pascal, a Frenchman, designed the first computer in the world in 1642. Although the addition operation is realized only by turning the gear by hand, it reveals to human that mechanical devices can replace the human brain for thinking and memory. From then on, the computer began its magical development.
The multiplication computer was invented in 1674.
On this basis, the German mathematician Leibniz invented a computer that can do multiplication and division in 1678. However, the performance of these mechanical computers is too backward to meet people's needs.
1822 differential engine.
The analyzer was developed in 1834.
Babbage
1822, British Babbage first embodied computer programming in the differential engine he developed, which opened the way for the development of modern computers.
Manual mechanical computer produced by 1936
Electromechanical computer (1930)
Z-3 computer was developed in 194 1.
1938, the German scientist Jules successfully manufactured the first binary Z- 1 computer, and then he developed the Z-series computer. Among them, Z-3 computer is the first general program-controlled electromechanical computer in the world. It not only adopts relays, but also adopts floating-point counting method and instruction form with digital storage address, as shown in the above figure.
1943 65438+ In February, the "giant" computer was running.
"Mark" 1 fully mechanical computer with thousands of relays.
Mark 3 used the magnetic drum as a memory for the first time.
Aiken, a scientist at MIT, has successfully developed an electromechanical computer named Mark-I, that is, an automatic sequence control calculator. 1947, Aiken developed the electromechanical computer Mark-II with faster operation speed. At 1949, because the electron tube technology had made great progress at that time, Aiken developed the computer mark by using the electron tube.
Since then, computer technology has developed in two ways. One is the development path of various desktops and larger mechanical computers; The other is to use relays as computer circuit components. Later, computers based on electronic components such as electron tubes and transistors benefited from these two development paths.
ENIAC, the first human electronic computer (ENIAC) running from 65438 to 0946.
The first electronic computer (ENIAC) was running in 1946 ~ The US military spent 480,000 dollars on the ENIAC project, which was a huge sum at that time. If it weren't for World War II, who would be willing to pay such a large sum of money? In fact, ENIAC is also jointly published by the US Army Ordnance Department and Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania, not just the University of Pennsylvania mentioned in the book.
Technically speaking, ENIAC has no clear concept of CPU. Because it uses electron tubes as basic electronic components. A total of 65,438+08,800 lamps were used, each of which is about the size of a 25-watt light bulb in an ordinary family. In this way, the whole computer has a body with a height of 8 feet, a width of 3 feet and a length of 100 feet, a volume of one cubic meter, a weight of 30 tons, and a power consumption as high as 140 kW. It can perform 5000 addition operations per second (the fastest operation speed of human beings is only 5 addition operations per second), and it can also perform square and cubic operations, calculate the values of trigonometric functions such as sine and cosine, and other more complicated operations. This speed was already the highest level of human wisdom at that time.
There are thousands of electronic tubes, diodes, resistors and other components, and there are as many as 500 thousand solder joints in the circuit; On the surface of the machine, there are meters, wires and indicator lights. What makes people laugh and cry is that its power consumption exceeds 174 kwh, and it is said that the lights in the whole town will dim when used; Moreover, its electron tube will burn out every 15 minutes on average, and scientists have to keep changing it in a sweat. But the calculation speed of "Eniac" is 200,000 times that of manual calculation and 1 1,000 times that of relay computer. The U.S. military has also tasted the sweetness, because it takes only three seconds to calculate the trajectory of a shell, whereas before that, it took 200 people to calculate it manually for two months. In addition to the conventional ballistic calculation, it later involved many scientific research fields and played an important role in the development of the first atomic bomb.
1955101On February 2nd, "ENIAC ENIAK" was declared "retired" and displayed in a museum in Washington.
IBM7090 transistor computer
IBM introduced the IBM7090 all-transistor mainframe with an operation speed of 229,000 times per second, which became the symbol product of the second generation computer. American Airlines bought two mainframes for its booking system, connecting 65 cities remotely.
This is the golden season of IBM, which has topped the list of 500 big companies in American happiness magazine. It has created astronomical figures with annual sales of billions of dollars; Of the 64 computers running in the United States, 44 are produced by IBM; Its corporate logo and commodity logo "IBM" have three capital letters, each of which is made up of eight blue stripes; Its salespeople all wear dark blue suits to represent the company's image. People began to call IBM "BigBlue".
IBM360
1964 On April 7th, IBM announced in 14 countries and 63 cities in the United States that the world's first general-purpose computer series IBM 360 was successfully developed. This series has six models: large, medium, small and large computers, which give consideration to scientific calculation and transaction processing. Various machines are compatible with each other. Its R&D expenditure is as high as $5 billion, which is 2.5 times that of the Manhattan project to develop the first atomic bomb.
The IBM 360 system is the first general-purpose computer series using integrated circuit components, which pioneered the use of integrated circuits by civil computers, and computers have since entered the era of integrated circuits. IBM 360 became a milestone of the third generation computer.
1967, American radio company manufactured LIMAC, an airborne computer for navigation. Its logic element adopts double VLSI, and its buffer memory adopts MOS VLSI. 1969, American Automation Company manufactured computer D-200, which used MOS field effect transistor LSI, and the central processing unit consisted of 24 lsis. Texas Instruments also built an airborne LSI computer. The success of military airborne VLSI test has accumulated rich experience for the transition to civil VLSI universal machine. 197 1 year, IBM began to produce IBM370 series computers, which used large-scale integrated circuits as memory and small-scale integrated circuits as logic elements, and were called three generations of semi-electronic computers.
1976 Cray giant electronic computer
1976, CRAY Company introduced CRAY- 1 vector electronic computer, which started the vigorous development of vector electronic computer, and the operation speed can reach 250 million times per second.
1978 the first 32-bit supercomputer-devax
1978, DEC established the first computer system based on VAX (Virtual Address Extension), which is a computer with complex instruction computing (CISC) architecture unique to DEC computer system. At that time, this big guy was a basic 32-bit computer, which could have a computing performance as high as 1 megabit. At that time, the speed and performance of this computer were unparalleled. It was worth $200,000. But obviously he is the best.
CM-5 Supercomputer in Japan
In the mid-1980s, Thinking Machine Company began to introduce the famous series of "connectors" CM- 1, CM-2, CM-5, which connected a large number of simple storage processing units into a multi-dimensional structure and formed a large-capacity intelligent memory macroscopically. Then, control, I/O and user interface functions are performed by conventional computers, which can be effectively used for intelligent information processing. CM-L consists of four quadrants, and each quadrant contains as many as 16 384-bit processors. All processors are divided into 4096 groups, which form a 12-dimensional hypercube structure, and its integration peak speed reaches 60 billion times per second. CM-5 has more nodes and stronger functions.
American CM-200 electronic computer
IBM shenlan computer
IBM supercomputer The operation speed exceeds 500 trillion times per second.
198 1 IBM's first personal computer 5 150
198 1 02 August 12, IBM launched the world's first personal computer, 5 150, which marked the beginning of a new era.
At that time, personal computers cost $2,880. The first IBMPC used Intel 4.77M 8088 chip with only 64K memory. Use low-resolution monochrome or color display; There is an optional cassette tape drive; Two 160KB single-sided floppy disk drives. And configured Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system software. This product is characterized by many innovations. The screen can display 80 characters in each column, the keyboard has uppercase and lowercase characters, the expandable memory, the parts can be purchased from other manufacturers, and other PC manufacturers can produce IBM compatible computers called "clones" according to IBM standards.
The design of 5 150 abandons red tape and breaks away from the normal workflow of IBM. This is to counter Apple II (the first personal computer with color graphics, the price is 1300 USD,1977 went on the market in June, the processor 1MHz, and the memory is 4 K. IBM 5 150 was a great success as soon as it went on the market, and the number of orders reached 240,000 only one month after it went on the market.
Because of 5 150, the IBM brand began to cross the professional field and "fly into the homes of ordinary people", which was well known to the public. Since then, IBM PC has become synonymous with high-end, high price and trust.
1996 Sun JavaStation, the first network PC with Java architecture.
1996, Sun introduced the JavaStation network computer, which is called "thin client" and is specially used to execute Java applications in the network.
Mainly used in communications, financial institutions, etc. For example, the PC with single function in cashier, telephone consultation center and trading hall can be replaced by a more general JavaStation network computer without management, thus greatly reducing the investment in information technology.