According to the estimation of the International Labor Organization, the total number of major occupational safety accidents in the world in 2003 was 355,000, including about 60,000 accidents in the construction industry, accounting for 16.9%, which means that a fatal accident will occur in this industry every 10 minute. In addition, in industrialized countries, construction site deaths account for as much as 25% ~ 40% of work-related deaths, and the labor force employed by this industry accounts for 6% ~ 10% of the total labor force.
From a global perspective, this paper analyzes the current situation and causes of building safety in some major countries in the world, and summarizes some new theoretical and practical progress in the field of building safety, which is of great significance for comprehensively grasping the building safety situation, understanding the development trend of building safety and making corresponding decisions.
First, the current situation and development goals of building safety in major countries
According to the data published by various countries, the construction industry is a high-risk industry in both developed and developing countries. The United States, Britain, Japan and China are taken as examples to further elaborate.
1. United States of America
Judging from the data collected from various channels, the number of deaths and the proportion of deaths in various industries in the United States have been high, and even increasing. Especially in 2004, the cumulative death toll of American construction industry reached 1268, accounting for 22% of the total death toll of all industries, while the labor force employed by American construction industry only accounted for about 6.55% of the total labor force in the United States, which shows that the death rate is extremely high. In addition, according to statistics, the direct and indirect losses caused by various casualty accidents have accounted for 7.9% ~ 15% of the total cost of new non-residential projects in the United States.
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act 1970) promulgated by the United States, the US government's supervision of safety is mainly achieved through supervision. In the United States, about 5,000 inspectors inspect the work in the workplace every day. The inspection schedule may depend on the number of injured people and employees' complaints, or it may be randomly selected. If illegal acts are found in the inspection, small enterprises and employers who conduct special inspections will be fined an average of $5,000; If there is a fatal accident or intentional violation of the law, a fine of 70 thousand dollars can be imposed; If several similar intentional violations are found, the maximum fine can reach $7 million. In terms of protecting life safety, it adopts the risk-taking system design. Employees in the United States have the right to refuse to work in dangerous environments that are harmful to health. In this case, if the employer pays high salaries to let employees work, the employer violates the law; It is also illegal for employees to get paid to work.
In 2008, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the United States also put forward three goals of building safety: strengthening the direct intervention of OSHA and reducing occupational hazards; Promote enterprises to improve safety and health culture through strong leadership and assistance; Strengthen the capacity of grass-roots law enforcement agencies and maximize their efficiency and effectiveness. In order to achieve these three goals, OSHA put forward the key work plan: to formulate and improve occupational safety and health guidelines and standards; Regularly inspect the workplace with employers and employees; Provide consultation for small and medium-sized enterprises; Provide training and education for employers and employees to promote their compliance with OSHA standards; Provide corresponding licenses to the state government and approve its special occupational safety and health action plan; Strengthen cooperation with other institutions in occupational safety and health.
2. Britain, Britain
According to statistics, about13 of all fatal accidents in Britain occurred in the construction industry. In 2000, the death rate of 654.38+ten thousand people in all industries in Britain was only 0.8, while the death rate of 654.38+ten thousand people in construction industry was as high as 4.2, so the construction industry in Britain was very dangerous. In addition, frequent accidents in the construction industry have also brought huge losses. According to statistics, the direct and indirect losses caused by construction accidents reach 8.5% of the total project cost.
British Health and Safety Committee (HSC) and Health and Safety Executive Committee (HSE) put forward the goal of occupational safety and health work in Britain in 20 10: based on the data of 1999/2000, to reduce the number of occupational safety and health work related to work-related injuries by 20 10. Reduce the incidence of death and major industrial accidents10%; Reduce the incidence of work-related diseases by 20%. In order to achieve this goal, HSE put forward an action plan including 44 action points. These action points include: explaining the benefits of a good health and safety system to employers to arouse their enthusiasm to a greater extent; Promote and expand the coverage of occupational health work, emphasizing the importance of rehabilitation regulations; Make sure to include more risk concepts in the education curriculum, and so on.
Among the 44 action points, items 19, 20 and 2 1 are specifically aimed at the construction industry: item 19 is "to include health and safety objectives in the upcoming new owners' charter movement in the construction industry to improve the health and safety standards of the industry", and item 20 is "local governments should consider how to influence safety and health more effectively through construction procurement. 54338.66666666636
3. Japan
Although the absolute value of accident deaths in Japan's construction industry is decreasing, the death rate and serious injury rate in the construction industry still rank first in all industries in Japan. The survey shows that the employed population in Japanese construction industry only accounts for 10% of the total employed population, but nearly 30% of accidents and more than 40% of fatal accidents occur in the construction industry.
According to Article 6 of the Labor Safety and Health Law, the Japanese Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare has formulated the industrial accident prevention plan for all industries from 2003 to 2007, with the following main objectives:
(1) Strive to reduce the total number of work-related deaths in various industries significantly every year-strive to be lower than1500;
(2) During the implementation of the plan, the total number of industrial accidents will be reduced by more than 20%;
(3) Reduce diseases caused by overwork and work stress.
Among them, due to the high accident rate and large number of deaths in the construction industry, the plan specifically requires: to improve the safety and health management ability of professional construction workers in small and medium-sized construction sites, to take comprehensive strategic measures to promote the training of workers leaders, and then to convene workers with no work experience to study; In order to prevent construction machinery accidents, which account for about 10% of fatal accidents, it is necessary to popularize scraper with crane function and promote the implementation of safety countermeasures such as hazard detection system; In order to prevent falling from heights, which accounts for about 40% of fatal accidents, it is necessary to popularize the installation of railings on scaffolding sites and make them the operating standards.
4. China
China is a developing country. Generally speaking, the labor force in the construction industry in developing countries is more intensive than that in developed countries, and it takes about 2.5 ~ 10 times as many workers to complete the same workload, and the number of accidents is much more than that in developed countries. The number of employees in the construction industry in China is huge, with 25 million in the early 1990s, 38.93 million in 2003 and 40 million in 2006, accounting for about 25% of the total number of employees in the world. The high incidence of construction safety accidents in China has also caused a large number of casualties. According to the data released by the State Administration of Work Safety, the total number of deaths in the construction industry in 2004 reached 2789, and there were casualties in the construction industry in 2005.
In view of this, China has formulated the 11th Five-Year Plan for Safe Production in Construction Industry, which clearly states that by 20 10, the death rate per 10,000 construction workers will be reduced by 20%, the death rate per 1 0 billion yuan of output value will be reduced by 20%, and the number of deaths per10.5 million working hours will be reduced to1. The safety compliance rate of construction enterprises and construction sites has been significantly improved, reaching 100% in cities and 30% in towns; The qualified rate of noise, dust and toxic and harmful substances in construction sites and workplaces is over 80%.
The plan also puts forward seven main tasks to achieve building safety goals:
(1) Construction of safety production laws, regulations and technical standards system for construction projects.
(2) Construction of the working mechanism of safety production supervision and management of construction projects.
(3) Build a good safety culture, and strengthen the safety production training and publicity and education system of construction projects.
(4) Strengthen the research and application of construction engineering safety science and technology.
(5) Establish and improve the emergency rescue and accident handling system for construction project safety production.
(6) Establish and improve the market mechanism of construction safety production.
(7) Strengthen the supervision and inspection of occupational safety and health in the construction industry.
Second, the main reasons for frequent construction safety accidents
According to the accident cause theory of ergonomics (as shown in the following figure), the causes of accidents mainly include four factors: human, machine, management and environment. According to statistics, the accidents caused by unsafe conditions of things are less than 10% of the total number of accidents, so here we mainly analyze the other three reasons.
1. Human reasons
Because the threshold of the construction industry is relatively low and more labor is needed, the cultural quality of employees is relatively low from a global perspective, even in developed countries. Therefore, many front-line employees lack safety knowledge, weak safety awareness, low safety operation skills and poor self-help ability. At the same time, a considerable number of managers and personnel engaged in safety work themselves lack safety management knowledge, and the level of safety management is not high. These factors greatly increase the possibility of safety accidents in the construction industry.
2. Management reasons
Weak management is manifested in many aspects, mainly in the following two aspects:
First, the enterprise safety investment is not enough. Generally speaking, the competition in the construction market is fierce, and most enterprises think that safety is a kind of pure consumption without output, so they often lack enough motivation to strengthen their investment in safety, thus greatly increasing the possibility of construction safety accidents.
Second, the government supervision is weak. For many countries, especially developing countries, the productivity level of the whole country is low, the economy is relatively backward, and the government funds are not very abundant, which inevitably leads to concentrating on developing production and neglecting the supervision of safety to a certain extent. This can also be seen from the history of developed countries.
3. Environmental reasons
The mode of production in the construction industry has inherent characteristics that are not conducive to safe production, mainly including the following three aspects:
First, the project has the characteristics of One Piece. Single means that there are no two identical projects, the number and types of accident risks of different projects are different, and the risks of the same project at different stages are also different. In different projects and different construction stages, employees must face different types of risks.
Second, the project construction is discrete. Discrete refers to the construction workers who are scattered in various parts of the construction site during the production process as front-line production personnel. Although there are various rules and regulations, they have to rely on their own experience to make judgments when facing specific problems. This increases the risk of accidents caused by unsafe behaviors of workers and unsafe factors in the working environment. The discrete characteristics also determine that the frequency of major accidents in the construction industry is relatively low, because the number of workers directly injured by a hazard source is usually relatively small.
Third, the project is affected by the environment and construction organization, which leads to the safety protection facilities lagging behind the construction process. Most construction projects are carried out in the open air, and the working environment of workers is poor, which contains a lot of harm; Due to the general flow construction, the team needs to change the working environment frequently, so the corresponding safety protection often can't keep up with the construction progress.
Third, the new progress of building safety management
As an international issue, building safety has attracted extensive attention from all countries in the world, and many experts and scholars are engaged in the research of building safety.
At present, there are many new ideas and new progress in the practice of building safety at home and abroad.
The following focuses on the new theory of building safety management investment and accident loss calculation.
1. The investment benefit of building safety management is high.
Generally speaking, safety aims at pursuing human life safety and health, life safety and social stability. For this, people need to pay the price. In this sense, safety investment has no significance.
But as an enterprise, from the perspective of safe production, safety has investment value, that is, the purpose of safety has the connotation of pursuing economic interests. Safety engineering (management and technology, etc.). ) to a large extent, it serves the production. First of all, the safety protection of production personnel, they are the most important productivity factors in production; Secondly, the production materials and production environment are safely maintained and guaranteed, so that the production function of technology can be fully exerted. Therefore, safety plays a definite role in the production and economic benefits of enterprises, and safety activities should be regarded as activities that create value and bring economic benefits. Therefore, investment in safety is also called investment, which has a realistic basis.
Of course, the nature of safety investment is different from that of general economic activities. For example, security can not be simply examined by economic effects, and can not be simply regulated by market economic levers. More importantly, investment theory and technology are used to guide efficient security economic activities. Safety is not only a cost, but also an investment. It is investment, not just investment, because security can bring benefits. Studies in some developed countries point out that reasonable safety input produces effective value, and its input-output ratio is 1∶6. The research on related topics in China shows that the input-output ratio of safety production in China is 1∶5.83 under the economic conditions in the 1990s. Although this kind of income is more difficult to define than its loss, it can't be clearly shown in the accounts like profits, and it is more reflected in the reduction of other expenses (compensation) in the income statement, thus showing the increase of corporate profits relatively. Quite a few enterprises just ignore the real losses caused by safety gains and accidents, and only regard safety investment as a sunk cost, so they don't pay enough attention to safety investment.
2. Calculation of loss caused by construction safety accidents
The losses caused by safety accidents are often underestimated, because the indirect losses are often more alarming except the direct losses generally recorded by enterprises, but they are not recorded in the financial statements of enterprises, perhaps because they are difficult to define. However, because huge indirect losses are ignored, enterprise managers often fail to realize the real losses caused by casualty accidents. Scholars at home and abroad have studied this definition, and now most of the results are as follows: the working time loss of employees with work-related injuries and the work loss of other related personnel (including other workers, managers, owners, etc.). ), the loss caused by affecting efficiency, the loss of disrupting normal production and the loss of resources. Of course, this is not the whole indirect loss, such as the psychological impact of casualties on workers can not be calculated, but the calculation of actual losses does not need much accuracy, as long as it can give a rough order of magnitude to attract the attention of managers.
In foreign countries, the content and scope of accident losses are mainly divided into direct losses (medical expenses and insurance premiums) and indirect losses (accident handling fees, loss of working hours, loss of production reduction, etc.). ) proposed by Heinrich of the United States. The estimation method of loss is mainly based on some known data, using known ratio or coefficient, to calculate the total loss or unknown part. However, due to different national conditions, different research fields and different working environments, the indirect losses vary greatly. In 2000, Chinese scholars Fang Dongping and Huang Xinyu conducted field research on more than ten enterprises in four cities in China, and found that the loss ratio of minor injuries (the ratio of indirect loss to direct loss) was about 2.33: 1, that of serious injuries was about 2.3 1, and that of fatal accidents was as high as 3.25: 1.
Four. conclusion and suggestion
To sum up, the situation of building safety is very grim, and governments all over the world have formulated policies to strengthen the supervision and promotion of building safety. Many scholars at home and abroad have also done a lot of research on building safety. It can be predicted that the building safety will be gradually improved in the future, and the building safety level will be greatly improved.
In addition, the above research also provides some very important directions for the future development of building safety management, mainly including the following five aspects, which also provide positive suggestions for the development of building safety in China.
(1) Promote the improvement of building safety level by strengthening the training and enjoyment of safety knowledge.
(2) Through comprehensive control and management, construction safety accidents can be completely eliminated.
(3) The Government will pay more and more attention to building safety, and its responsibility for safety will gradually increase.
(4) The construction of safety culture has gradually become an important means to prevent construction safety accidents.
(5) The calculation method of accident losses in the construction industry has been further developed and widely used, and the concept of high efficiency in safety management has gradually taken root in people's hearts.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd