The management of project cost by investors or project managers should run through the whole process of construction projects, including decision-making stage, design stage, bidding stage, construction stage and completion acceptance stage.
First, the project cost management in the project decision-making stage
(1) Investment decision is the initial stage of project construction, and it is also the most important and easily overlooked stage. Project investment decision-making is a process of selecting and deciding the investment action plan, and it is a process of techno-economic demonstration of the necessity and comparability of the proposed project, and techno-economic comparison, selection, judgment and decision-making of different constructions and plans. Correct project investment behavior comes from correct project investment decision. It can be seen that the correctness of project decision is directly related to the level of project cost and the quality of investment effect. Correct decision-making is the premise of reasonably determining and controlling the project cost.
(2) Various technical and economic decisions in the decision-making stage have great influence on the project cost, especially the determination of construction standard level, the selection of construction site and technical equipment, which are directly related to the level of project cost. According to relevant statistics, in the main stage of project construction, the investment decision-making stage has the greatest influence on the project cost, which can reach as much as 80% ~ 90%.
Therefore, investors or project managers must pay enough attention to the decision of the project. On the one hand, they must organize experts or entrust consulting institutions to comprehensively and systematically demonstrate the necessity and feasibility of the proposed project from the aspects of technology, economy and environmental protection, and comprehensively evaluate the authenticity, objectivity and reliability of the construction scale, resource conditions, market forecast, engineering technology and financial and economic evaluation of the proposed project, so as to make investment decisions. On the other hand, investment estimation should be considered as comprehensively and fully as possible, so that investment estimation can really control the total investment of the project.
Second, the project design phase of the project cost management
After the proposed project is approved, design becomes the key to the project construction, and its work directly affects the construction quality, investment return and project benefit. Therefore, the project cost management in the design stage is the decisive link of the whole project cost management.
(1) The main methods of investment control in the design stage are: ① selecting the most reasonable design scheme in the form of design bidding, urging the design unit to adopt advanced technology, and reducing the project cost; (2) Evaluate the general layout scheme and single design scheme of the preliminary expansion design, and select the most reasonable scheme through calculation, comparison and analysis of technical and economic indicators; ③ Conduct quota design. In the whole design stage, we should unify technology and economy, implement "calculate before painting" and spend money on "cutting edge". Completely change the current bad phenomenon of "the design process is not accounted for, and the budget estimate is known only after the design".
(2) According to the research and analysis, the design fee generally accounts for less than L% of the whole life cost of a construction project, but it is this less than 1% that affects more than 75% of the investment. In the design of single project | review | large-scale project, the choice of building and structural scheme and building materials has great influence on investment, such as the design of building layout, the choice of depth and width, the choice of facade form, the determination of storey height and number, the choice of foundation type and structural form, etc. According to statistics, under the condition of satisfying the same function, the technical, economic and reasonable design can reduce the project cost by 5% ~ 10%, or even reach 10% ~ 20%. For example, in the industrial center of multi-storey frame structure (four floors), the design unit takes conventional design as an independent basis. Due to the heavy load of multi-storey factory building, the unit size of independent foundation is larger and the buried depth is deeper. The functions, structures, areas and basic forms of the two office buildings are similar. One of them has many decorative columns and decorative lines due to the facade effect, resulting in a cost difference of more than 65,438+10,000 yuan, which is really a line in the pen and costs several thousand yuan.
Three, the construction unit in the project bidding stage of project cost management
(1) The key for the construction unit to manage the project cost in the project bidding stage is to determine the terms of the project price in the construction contract. The responsibilities and agreements of these clauses must be clear, binding and operable. Mainly includes: ① Construction contract price: it must be clear whether it is fixed in lump sum contract, unit price contract or adjustable in unit price contract. Generally speaking, for construction projects with short construction period and small scale, fixed lump sum contract should be adopted, which not only reflects the fairness and seriousness of bidding, but also is beneficial to the control of project funds in construction progress projects; For construction projects with long construction period, large scale and insufficient preparation in the early stage, adjustable price contracts can be used to better and truly reflect the actual cost of the project. Therefore, the terms of such contracts must be clear. If it is a fixed lump sum contract, the scope of the fixed lump sum contract must be clearly stated, including the project contents and expected risk factors that have been clearly defined by both parties in the project bidding documents and the bid-winning documents and their annexes (a clear construction drawing catalogue and construction scope should be attached in the bidding documents); (2) Terms of project cost pricing model: These terms include the pricing model of project cost, which shall not be changed at will once signed. These terms often appear together with the bidder's preferential conditions. Due to the diversity and uncertainty of the project construction process, almost no project has no on-site visa and design changes. These provisions stipulate the treatment and settlement methods of the project price after these situations occur, and these provisions must be carefully scrutinized and taken seriously. (3) Terms of payment of project funds: As far as all aspects of the whole project implementation are concerned, the construction stage is the longest stage in the whole project construction cycle, and the most direct embodiment of cost control during the construction period is the control of project funds. The disbursement of the contractor's project funds, or with the time schedule as the node (generally with the monthly schedule as the node); Or take the image progress as the node. In short, the most direct embodiment of multi-node price control under the premise of total contract price control is the control of project funds. The disbursement of the contractor's project funds, or with the time schedule as the node (generally with the monthly schedule as the node); Or take the image progress as the node. In short, it should be multi-node progress payment control under the premise of contract total price control. Generally, the submission, approval and disbursement time of progress payment should be clearly defined, so as to safeguard the interests of both parties and ensure the smooth progress of the project financially.
(2) The key to successful bidding depends on the degree to which the construction unit grasps the market price. In the construction market, there are differences among construction units in management level, construction technology, organization scheme and work efficiency. For the same project, its construction cost is very discrete. The measures that the project manager can take in bidding are as follows: ① Make the pre-tender estimate, but not just the pre-tender estimate. When evaluating bids, the business bid should be capped up and down, and there should be feasible price reduction measures below the bottom line; ② Implementing the internationally accepted bill of quantities quotation can make the real price clearer; (3) Encourage contractors to use new technologies through incentives to reduce the project cost; (4) Guide the contractor to compete on the rate. For some projects with a large proportion of main materials, the total price will be greatly reduced. If it is obviously unfair to the contractor, the comprehensive rate can be used for bidding.
Fourth, the cost management in the construction stage of the project
(1) The management of the project by the investor or project manager in the construction stage is to plan, organize, control and coordinate the quality, time limit and cost required by the project in the whole process and in all directions. The object of project management is the project. Because the project is one-off, it needs to be managed with the concept, theory and method of system engineering, which is comprehensive, scientific and procedural. The main content of project management is "three controls, two management and one coordination", that is, schedule control, quality control, cost control, contract management, information management and organization and coordination. Construction project cost control is the foundation and core of project management.
(2) In terms of organizational measures, the construction unit should urge the contractor to adopt advanced technology as far as possible under the premise of ensuring quality and progress, so as to reduce the project cost and formulate advanced, economical and reasonable construction schemes, thus shortening the construction period, improving quality and reducing costs. The construction scheme includes four aspects: ① determination of construction method, selection of construction tools, arrangement of construction sequence and organization of flow construction, and correct selection of construction scheme is the key to reduce cost; (2) In the process of construction, strive to find various new technologies, new processes, new materials and other technical measures to reduce costs, reduce consumption and improve work efficiency; (3) strictly control the quality, put an end to rework, shorten the acceptance time and save money.
(3) Strengthen the procurement and management of materials and equipment. Material cost is the main content of project cost, and general material cost accounts for 60% ~ 70% of the total project cost. It can be seen that in the construction stage, it is very obvious to do a good job in the supply management of engineering materials to reduce the engineering cost. The project manager can participate in the selection and pricing of main materials in the construction process. In order to do a good job in selection and pricing, we should carefully investigate and analyze the prices and trends of the material market. It is necessary to assist contractors in selecting and comparing bulk materials such as commercial concrete, steel, doors and windows, water and electricity, wall surface and ground decoration, organize suppliers to bid for large-scale projects, and make repeated comparisons in terms of quality, service and price to choose the best one.
Five, the project cost management in the project completion audit stage.
After the completion of the project, when the contractor submits the completion settlement of the whole project to the employer (investor or project manager) for review, in order to avoid the contractor's behavior of falsely reporting the engineering quantity and setting a high quota base price in the settlement process to obtain high profits, the project manager may indicate when signing the construction contract that the audit fee shall be paid by the contractor when it exceeds a certain limit.
To sum up, as an investor or project manager, in order to effectively control the project cost, we must find out the control points from all aspects of the project, highlight key management, and strictly monitor the construction process, so that the total project cost can be controlled within the expected or ideal range.
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